Transcript Vehicle to Grid

Hybrid Electric Vehicles
meet the Electricity Grid:
Plug-in Hybrids (PHEVs)
& Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
Dr Geoff Walker
Sustainable Energy Research Lab
School of Information Technology and
Electrical Engineering
University of Queensland
Talk Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A Crisis in Passenger Vehicle Transport
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Plug-in Hybrids (PHEVs) – why bother?
Vehicle to Grid (V2G) – the next step
Vehicle Sales and HEV sales growth
The Electricity Grid in Australia
The National Electricity Market (NEM)
Drivers for change in the
Australian Automobile Industry
• Reduce oil consumption – a finite resource
• Reduce oil imports to achieve increased energy
security and improved balance of trade
• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
• Reduce urban pollutant emissions
• Many more sensible reasons could be given:
these four are perhaps the most topical and
pressing.
The End of
Cheap Oil
by Colin J. Campbell
and Jean H. Laherrère
Scientific American
March 1998
Global production of
conventional oil will begin
to decline sooner than
most people think,
probably within 10 years
World oil production in decline
by 2010
Has Demand exceeded Supply?
Has Demand exceeded Supply?
• Oil prices are now more than 45 per cent higher than a year
ago, having gained 36 per cent in the past three months.
• But even the psychological $US70 a barrel mark would still
be $US20 below the all-time inflation-adjusted peak price for
crude oil set in 1980.
• Analysts said yesterday that the major reason for yesterday’s
price spike was not concern about terrorist attacks in Saudi
Arabia or worry about Iran’s nuclear program.
• Rather, traders were punting on a belief that US oil refiners
would strain to meet domestic petrol demand in coming
weeks while also storing enough heating fuel for the northern
hemisphere winter.
• Added to those supply problems was a report this week from
the International Energy Agency revealing that non-OPEC
nations were failing to deliver as much oil as expected this
year, leaving a stretched OPEC to fill the void.
We’ve now passed US$70 barrel
• $100 per barrel in 12 months time ???
(if we project this trend despite the warning not to!)
Inflation corrected oil price
• Current high still not as bad as 1980
Aside – A DVD worth viewing
THE END OF SUBURBIA:
Oil Depletion and the
Collapse of The American Dream
http://www.endofsuburbia.com/
http://www.ebono.org/
Also worth a good read:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbert_peak
Moving from Oil to
sustainable energy generation
• In the near future, Oil production will fall, but
energy consumption will continue to rise.
• We need to find fossil alternatives, preferably
green and sustainable
• Ramping sustainable alternatives up will take
time, money and land
• In the interim, we will swap to coal and gas,
and (perhaps) curtail our consumption.
Reduction in Oil Imports and
Increased Energy Security
Percentage of Australia's oil and petroleum products consumption
sourced from imports (Australian Energy News, 2002).
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) in
Australia from Transport
• In 2000, 15% of Australia’s GHG emissions are
from transport sector [AGO, 2003]
• Road transport represents 90% of this total
• Cars contributed 45 Mt of CO2 equivalent
emissions, or 8% of net national emissions in
2003.
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/inventory/2003/facts/pubs/02.pdf
Pollutant Emissions in
Australia from Transport
• Fossil fuel combustion, particularly by motor
vehicles, has been identified as the largest
single contributor to urban air pollution.
Carbon
Monoxide
(CO)
70-95%
Hydrocarbons
(HC)
Oxides of
Nitrogen
(NOx)
Particulates
(PM)
40-50%
70-80%
10-50%
Percentage Contribution of Motor Vehicles
to Air Emissions in Major Australian Cities
(Motor Vehicle Environment Committee, 1998)
Solutions to this Crisis?
• Walk the kids to school and work from
home
• Catch public transport, or Carpool
• Dust off the bicycle and ride
• Drive smaller, lighter cars
• Trust car companies to give us more of the
same, only more efficient …
ICE efficiency
• Internal combustion engines, both petrol
and diesel, can achieve only ave. efficiency
when small and not optimised
• GEFG25-1 25kVA gas genset
• Ford 4 cyl, 4 stroke, 2.5 litre
• 492 kg
• ICE * gen efficiency =
22% * 89% = 20%
Toyota Prius vs Corolla
•
•
•
•
06 Prius, $37,000 RRP
4.4 L/100km
10.9 sec 0-100kph
1295 kg
NHW20R Liftback 5dr CVT 1sp 1.5i
•
•
•
•
06 Corolla, $21,700 RRP
8.1 L/100km
??? sec 0-100kph
1148 kg
ZZE122R 5Y Ascent Hatchback 5dr Auto 4sp 1.8i
http://www.redbookasiapacific.com/au/vehicle/comparespecs.php?key2=TOYO06CT&key=TOYO06ET&new=1
Prius Drivetrain
• 1.5 litre petrol ICE, 56kW
– Atkinson cycle (vs. Otto)
– 34% efficient at 13.5 hp
• Two 3ph permanent
magnet motors:
– MG1, 18kW
– MG2, 30kW
• A planetary gear which
allows a continuously
variable drive ratio
Sources: http://www.cleangreencar.co.nz
Prius Inverter
and Battery
• Power electronic 3ph inverters
matched to motors
– 50kW total at 500V
– liquid cooled under bonnet
• NimH battery pack:
– nominal 274V, 6.5 Ah (1.8 kWh)
– 20kW rating at 50% SOC
– Operated between 40-80% SOC
for lifetime (0.7 kWh)
– Complete pack 54 kg including
all management, packaging
– Toyota data demonstrates
290,000km without degredation
Sources: http://www.cleangreencar.co.nz
Example Electric Vehicle – GM EV1
Hybrids vs. EVs
Electric Vehicles (EVs)
• Large battery pack:
– Expensive
– Limited range
– Uncertain life
• Pure electric drivetrain
+ Excellent energy
efficiency
+ Independence from oil
Hybrids (HEVs)
• Minimised battery pack
+ Cheaper
+ Long range
+ Manageable lifetime
• ICE based drivetrain
– Incremental efficiency
gain
– 100% dependant on oil
Can’t we have the best of both worlds?
Plug-in Hybrids (PHEVs)
• Typical vehicle usage is for Urban commuting
– 80% of trips are less than 10km and over 90%
are less than 20km [1992 SEQ Household Travel
Survey]
• So augment the Hybrid battery pack to allow
electric only operation for limited range sufficient
for daily commute (say 20km – PHEV20)
• Charge the battery from the electricity grid
overnight – so this energy does not come from oil
Plug-in Prius
• EnergyCS
• Original Prius NimH pack
replaced with 127kg
Lithium-ion Batt pack
• 35-40Ah, 9kWhr
• 80-100km range at half
the fuel consumption (but
add some grid electricity)
• Uses off-the-shelf
Valence Technology
Saphion U Li-ion
batteries.
Sources: http://www.calcars.org/priusplus.html
Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
• PHEVs will mean we choose to plug in our
hybrid or electric vehicle to the grid
• Rather than just another load, can these
vehicles be harnessed as a resource?
• We need to make the grid connection to
the battery through a powerful,
bidirectional inverter, not just a battery
charger.
• Why not use the traction motor inverter!
AC propulsion AC150
grid connection
• Using the 3 phase
traction inverter gives:
– Large power rating (20kW)
– Instantly controllable real
and reactive power flow
– 3ph or 1ph
– Built in, only
Incremental cost
http://www.acpropulsion.com/
Components of the V2G system
Services V2G can offer
• Frequency
regulation:
Contingency
– 6 sec
– 60 sec
– 5 min
• Voltage
Regulation
• Recloser
ride-thru
ACP_V2G_EVS18.pdf from http://www.acpropulsion.com
GUIDE TO ANCILLARY SERVICES IN THE NEM pdf
Services V2G can offer
• Note that the V2G services are usually
about the provision of instantaneous real
and reactive power as a service
• NOT about the supply of energy
• Battery pack capacity usually limits the
peak shaving / load levelling capability
• Some hybrids can start Internal
combustion engine and generate – but of
limited value
Infrastructure Issues,
especially in CBD?
• 32A 415V 3ph
service per park
• Allows 23kW peak
• One floor = 160
cars = 3.7 MW!
• Dedicated 1MVA
padmount txfmrs?
• Dedicated cabling?
Toyota is committed to Hybrids
• Prius is a speciality hybrid – available as nothing
but a hybrid. However …
• Sixth generation Camry MY2007 will have three
main powertrain options:
• 2.4 L Four
• 3.5 L V6
• 2.4 L four hybrid with 34kW electric motor
• Celica & MR2 being withdrawn mid 2006, a
hybrid replacement will appear 2008.
• Hybrid Lexus SUV and luxury vehicles will be
launched in 2006 and 2007
Sources:
Automotive Engineering International, Feb 2006, p20,
http://www.pistonheads.com/news/default.asp?storyId=13143,
Personal communication with Mike Breen, PR, Toyota Aust.
Toyota is committed to Hybrids
Toyota Sees All-Hybrid Future
13 September 2005
Bloomberg. At the Frankfurt IAA, Toyota Executive Vice
President Kazuo Okamoto said all of the company’s
vehicles will eventually be based on hybrid powertrains.
Toyota also indicated that it aims to increase hybrid
production by 60% in 2006 and will cut costs and prices
to make them more affordable.
In the future, the cars you see from Toyota will be 100
percent hybrid. We believe that in 10 years the world will
be filled with hybrids.
Okamoto declined to provide a timeline. Toyota has stated
that it plans to sell 1 million hybrids a year by 2010.
Earlier, President Katsuaki Watanabe said he aims to halve
the premium in price of hybrids over conventional
vehicles as soon as possible.
Source: http://www.greencarcongress.com/2005/09/toyota_sees_all.html
Hybrid sales growth in Aust Fleet
• Hybrid numbers are currently tiny:
– 1094 Priuses is only approx 0.2% of car sales
• Hybrid numbers are growing rapidly:
– Prius sales 2003, 2004, 2005
292, 1094, 1423+500 orders
– Prius 2006 allocation to Aust is approx 2000
and demand will again out strip supply
• Soon mainstream vehicles such as the
Camry will have Hybrids options too.
Registered passenger vehicles
in Australia …
• Over 10.3 million in 2003, up from
around 8.3 million in 1993.
(GRW – 24% in 10 years)
• 522 cars for every 1,000 people in 2003,
was 469 cars per 1,000 people in 1993.[1]
(GRW – 11% faster than pop in 10 years)
• A shift towards four wheel drive cars,
which made up 17% of new vehicle sales
in 2002, up from 8% in 1992.
Aust Vehicle Fleet Turnover
• Total vehicle sales in 2005 –
988,269
– Up by 3.5% on 2004 – 955,224
• Passenger vehicle sales ‘05 –
608,804
– Consists of small, light, medium, large, sports,
prestige, luxury, people mover
• Sports Utility Vehicles ’05
• Light trucks ’05
• Heavy trucks ’05
–
–
–
Source: VFACTS Industry Summary - December 2005, autoweb.com.au
http://autoweb.drive.com.au/cms/A_105816/newsarticle.html 05/01/06
180,292
167,878
31,295
Vehicle fleet generation potential
Non-grid
Dual fuel
Hydro
Oil
Gas
Coal
12
10
8
6
4
2
60
Coal
Natural gas
Oil
Hydro
50
40
30
20
10
0
2001
2002
2003
2005
Source: ESAA 2001
2010
SMA
NT
TAS
WA
SA
QLD
VIC
0
NSW
• Total installed capacity
of Aust Grid approx 50
GW
• 10.3 Million vehicles,
at a modest 20kW =
200 GW power
generation capability
• 600000 new sales =
12 GW generation
• But how to harness?
14
Vehicle make up of Aust Fleet
• Top Vehicle makes (2005):
– Toyota
– Holden
– Ford
202,817
174,464
129,140
20.5%
17.7%
13.1%
• Some individual vehicles (2004):
–
–
–
–
Ford Falcon
Holden Commodore
Toyota Camry
Toyota Prius
65,384
79,170
40,356
1,094
0.18% of cars sold
Source: VFACTS Industry Summary - December 2005, autoweb.com.au
http://autoweb.drive.com.au/cms/A_105816/newsarticle.html 05/01/06
Source: VFACTs December 2004, extract published at
http://www.ls1.com.au/forum/showthread.php?mode=hybrid&t=33928
Growth of Hybrids will be
Exponential:
One possible scenario:
Year Total Vehicles
Percentage of
Toyota sales Explanation
2003
300
0.2% Priuses only
2004
1000
0.5% Priuses only
2006
2008
2010
3000
10000
30000
2012
2014
120000
200000
1.5% Priuses only
5.0% Priuses, some Camrys
15.0% all 4cyl Camrys
60.0% All Toyota "cars"
100.0% All Toyotas
The previous slide is somewhat conservative:
• All numbers based on 2004 figures – so no
inclusion of year to year growth
• All numbers are Toyota sales only – so no
inclusion of hybrids from other
manufacturers. Their trends will be similar,
but lagging by two – three years.
• Vehicle energy storage and power
capability are based on today’s numbers
A possible growth Scenario
Year
Toyota
Hybrids
kWh /
car
kW /
car
Total
MWh
Total
MW
2003
300
1
10
0.3
3
2004
1000
1
10
1.3
13
2006
3000
1
10
6
59
2008
10000
1.5
10
29
209
2010
30000
2
10
114
679
2012
120000
2
10
474
2479
2014
200000
2
10
1274
6479
2016
200000
2
10
2074
10479
After 10 years (2016):
• Approx 10.5 GW of instantaneous real or
reactive power generation capability
• Approx 2000 MWh energy storage
– NB: large power, but small energy reserve
• Distributed across population centres at
point of consumption
• This using a fairly conservative model
(Toyota hybrids are only hybrids)
Probably don’t need this slide, but included
for completeness
• Each passenger vehicle travelled an
average 14,200 kms in the year to 31
October 2002, up from 13,400 kms in
1998.[4] (GRW – 6% in 4 years)
• Average passenger vehicle fuel
consumption has remained around 11 to 12
litres per 100kms over the 1998 to 2002
period
• more cars x more km x same fuel consumption
= much more fuel
Measures of Australia's Progress – The measures – Transport, at www.abs.gov.au
[1] Australian Bureau of Statistics 2003, Motor Vehicle Census, cat. no. 9309.0, ABS, Canberra
[4] Australian Bureau of Statistics 1991-2000, Survey of Motor Vehicle Use, cat. no. 9208.0, ABS, Canberra