Transcript APUSH DAY 4 - Pullman Education Portal

Period 4 (ish)
Review
Era of Good
Feelings
(1817-1825)
James Monroe elected President
in 1816
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Continued the Virginia dynasty (4 of 5 initial
presidents Virginian; 32 of first 36 yrs)
Death of Federalist party
"Era of Good Feelings"
"Era of Good Feelings"
NOT REALLY
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Crystallizing sectionalism
Tariff issue
Internal improvements
Bank of U.S. (BUS)
Sale of public lands
Republican party enjoying 1-party rule began developing
factions eventually leading to 2nd Party System in the
1830s.

Clay, Calhoun, Jackson, John Quincy Adams
Monroe's presidency oversaw two
major events
Panic of 1819
 Missouri Compromise of 1820
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Panic of 1819
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Economic panic and depression set in 1819
Causes of 1819 panic:
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Over speculation on frontier lands by banks (especially BUS)
Inflation from 1812 war + economic drop-off after war
Significant deficit in balance of trade with Britain
BUS forced "wildcat" western banks to foreclose on western
farms
Resulted in calls for reform and pressure for increased
democracy.
Monroe reelected in 1820 with all but one electoral vote
(nearly unanimous) -- Only president in history to be
elected after a major panic.
The Growing West
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New states' characteristics
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No long-established history of states' rights
More than other regions, depended on federal gov't where it had
secured most of its land.
Melting pot of a wide diversity of peoples immigrating from the
east.
9 frontier states joined the union bet. 1791 & 1819
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Most had been admitted alternately free and slave.
Maintaining a sectional balance in Congress was a supreme
goal.
The Growing West

Reasons for explosive westward expansion
 Westward movement
 Cheap lands in the Ohio territory
 Land exhaustion
 Speculators accepted small down payments & made
purchase of land easier.
 Economic distress of embargo years stimulated
migration west.
 Crushing of Indians during the war cleared much of
the frontier.
 Transportation Revolution improved land routes to
Ohio Valley.
The Growing West

West still remained weak in population and
influence
 Forced
to ally itself with other sections
 Demanded land reform & cheap
transportation.
Missouri Compromise of 1820
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Missouri asked Congress to enter the union in 1819
 Tallmadge Amendment
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Henry Clay played a key role in mediating a compromise
Provisions:
 Congress agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state.
 Maine was admitted as a free-soil state.
 Future slavery prohibited north of 36-30' line, the southern
border of Missouri.
 Compromise was largely accepted by both sides
 South got Missouri
 North won concession that it could forbid slavery in the
remaining territories above 36-30 line
Time Lines: fill in area from 18141845
Growth:
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1819: Indian
Civilization Act is
passed
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1824 Monroe
proposes the removal
of all Indians to lands
W. of Mississippi

1831:Cherokee
Nation v. Georgia:
Fight Monroe legally
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1831: Trail of Tears
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1835: Seminole War
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1845: Irish
immigration: Potato
Famine
Review At
Home
Democracy Grows:
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1815: Battle of New
Orleans
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1816: Monroe
Elected President
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1817: Rush-Bagot
Treaty
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1819: McCulloch v.
Maryland, and
Adams-Onis Treaty
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1820: Missouri
Compromise, Monroe
re-elected
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1823: Monroe
Doctrine (limit foreign
intervention)
Expansion and Reform:
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1825:House elects JQ Adams
 1827:Creek Indians cede their
western Georgia lands to U.S.
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1828: Jackson becomes presiden
construction of Baltimore and Ohio
begins.
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1830: Webster Hayne Debates ove
nullification and meaning of “Union
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1831: Liberator begins publication
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1832: Jackson vetoes rechartering
BUS 2
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1836: Republic of Texas
established, Specie Circular: only
gold or silver is acceptable for
payment of land
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1838: Underground railroad.
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1839: Depression until 1843.
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1844: Polk elected president
 Most
reforms are driven by
evangelical religion
Women are prominent
Major issues
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Crusade against alcohol
 American
Temperance Society
TS Arthur’s Ten Nights in a Barroom and
What I Saw There.
 Neal s. Dow
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 Results
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Women’s Rights
 “Republican
Motherhood”
 Lucretia Mott
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 Susan B. Anthony
 Angelina Grimke
 Sara Grimke
 Lucy Stone
 Amelia Bloomer
 Margaret Fuller
 Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
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Public Education
 Horace
Mann
 Noah Webster
 William H. McGuffey
 Emma Willard
 Oberlin College
 Lyceums
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American Peace Society
 Dorothea
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Dix
Wilderness Utopias
 New
Harmony
 Brook Farm

Nathaniel Hawthorne a resident
 Oneida
Colony
 Shakers
 Mormons

Changing American Family
 Most
women left their jobs upon marriage
and became homemakers
 “Cult of domesticity”
 Godey’s Lady’s Book
 Catharine Beecher

Frontier experience uniquely
American
 Alexis
de Toqueville’s Democracy in
America
Democracy on the Frontier
 Artistic Achievements
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 Thomas
Jefferson
 Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828)
 Charles Willson Peale
 Hudson River School of Art
 Stephen Foster
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Literature
 The
Knickerbockers Group
 Washington Irving (1783-1859)
 James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)
 William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)
 Transcendentalism
 Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
 Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
 Walden: Or Life in the Woods (1854)
 Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
 Margaret Fuller “The Dial”
 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (18071882)
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Individualists and Dissenters
 Edgar
Allan Poe (1809-1849)
 Nathaniel Hawthorne
 Herman Melville (1819-1891)
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Journalism
 Horace

Greeley
Science
 John
J. Audubon (1785-1851)
Election called “The Revolution of
1828”
 Andrew Jackson (“Old Hickory”) the
man…
 Jacksonian Democracy
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 Increase
of manhood suffrage
 Ends of the caucus
 Spoils System
 Martin Van Buren
 “Albany Regency”
 Consequences of the spoils system
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Cabinet Crisis
 Jackson’s
six-member cabinet was
mediocre
 “Kitchen Cabinet”
 Webster-Hayne Debate
 Senator Robert Hayne
“Tariff of Abominations” 1828
 Daniel Webster
 Jefferson Day Toast – 1830
 Peggy Eaton Affair
 Tariff Controversy of 1832
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Calhoun resigned in 1832
 “Concurrent majority” plan
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Nullification Controversy of 1832
 Tariff
of 1832
 Compromise Tariff of 1833
 Force Bill
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Election of 1832
 Henry
Clay (National Republican) vs.
Jackson – “Old Hickory” (Democrat)
 Anti-Masonic party became the first 3rd
party
 National nominating conventions
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MAIN AIM: Divorce government from
the economy
 End
of the Bank of the United States
(BUS)
 Jackson vetoed BUS’s charter in 1832
 Nicholas Biddle
 “Pet banks” scheme
 Specie Circular
 General Incorporation Laws
 Charles River Bridge decision
 Maysville Road Veto
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Transplanting Native American
Tribes
 Indian
Removal Act (1830)
 Bureau of Indian Affairs
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Cherokee
 Cherokee
Nation v. Georgia (1831)
 Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
 Trail of Tears
 Black Hawk War (1832)
Seminoles in Florida
 Second Seminole War (1835-1842)
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The Birth of Texas
 Stephen
Austin
 Santa Anna
 Sam Houston
 Jackson’s dilemma
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Election of 1836
 Birth of the Whigs
 “King Andrew I”
 William Henry Harrison
 Martin Van Buren
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Jackson’s Legacy
Van Buren’s Presidency
 Caroline
Incident
 “Aroostook War”
 Creole Incident
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Panic of 1837
 Causes
 Results
 Whigs
Proposals shot down by Van
Buren
 Treasury Bill of 1840 (Divorce Bill)
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Independent Treasury System
Election of 1840
 Van
Buren Re-nominated by
Democrats
 “Log Cabin and Hard Cider”
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William Henry Harrison
 Whig
– John Tyler
 Secretary of State: Daniel Webster
 Election of 1840
 VP
Anti-Jackson Democrat
 Secretary of State: Daniel Webster
 Tyler vs. Congress
 Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
 Clay’s Bill for 3rd BUS
 Canadian Border 45th Parallell
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The Rise of "King Cotton"
Prior to 1793, the Southern economy
was weak
 Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793)
 Trade
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 Cotton
exported to England; $ from sale of
cotton used to buy northern goods
 For a time, prosperity of both North and
South rested on slave labor
 Cotton accounted for 50% of all American
exports after 1840.
The Three South's:
Border South: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, &
Missouri
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Plantations scarcer; cotton cultivation almost
nonexistent; Tobacco main slave crop (as in
Middle South); More grain production (as in Middle
South)
1850, Slaves = 17% of population.; Avg. 5 slaves
per slaveholder
1850, over 21% of Border South’s blacks free;
46% of South’s free blacks
22% of white families owned slaves
Of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South:
6%; Ultra-wealthy = 1%
Produced over 50% of South’s industrial products
The Three South's:
Middle South: Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee, and Arkansas.
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Each state had one section resembling more the
Border South and another resembling the Lower
South.
Unionists would prevail after Lincoln elected;
Disunionists would prevail after war began
Many plantations in eastern Virginia and western
Tennessee
1850, slaves = 30% of population; Avg. 8 slaves
per slaveholder
36% of white families owned slaves
Of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South:
32%; Ultra-wealthy = 14%
The Three South’s:
Lower South: South Carolina, Florida, Georgia,
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas
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Plantations prevalent; cotton was king; grew 95% of
Dixie’s cotton & almost all of its sugar, rice, and indigo
Disunionists (secessionists) would prevail after
Lincoln was elected
1850, slaves = 47% of population; Avg. 12 slaves per
slaveholder
Less than 2% of blacks free; only 15% of South’s free
blacks
43% of white families owned slaves
Of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South: 62%;
Ultra-wealthy = 85%
Produced less than 20% of South’s industrial products
Slaves and the slave system (the
"Peculiar Institution")
Economic structure of South was
monopolistic, dominated by wealthy
plantation owners
 Plantation system

 Risky
: Slaves might die of disease, injure
themselves, or run away.
 One-crop economy
 Repelled large-scale European immigration
Slaves and the slave system (the
"Peculiar Institution")
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Plantation slavery
 Nearly
4 million slaves by 1860; quadrupled in
number since 1800
 Slaves seen as valuable assets and primary
source of wealth
 Punishment often brutal to send a message to
other slaves not to defy master’s authority
 Life in the newly emerging western areas
particularly harsh (LA, TX, MS, AL)
 Afro-American slave culture developed
Slaves and the slave system (the
"Peculiar Institution")
Burdens of slavery
 Slaves
deprived of dignity and sense of
responsibility that free people have, suffered cruel
physical and psychological treatment, and were
ultimately convinced that they were inferior and
deserved their lot in life.
 Denied an education since; seen as dangerous to
give slaves ideas of freedom
 Slaves often insidiously sabotaged their master’s
system
 Many attempted to escape
Slaves and the slave system (the
"Peculiar Institution")
Slave Revolts
- Stono Rebellion, 1739
- Gabriel Prosser, 1800
- Denmark Vesey, a mulatto in
Charleston, devised the largest revolt
ever in 1822.
- Nat Turner’s revolt -- 1831
Southern white paranoia
The White Majority
By 1860, only 1/4 of white southerners
owned slaves or belonged to slaveowning families
 75% of white southerners owned no
slaves at all.
 Mountain whites
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Free Blacks
Numbered about 250,000 in the South
by 1860
 Discrimination in the South
 Discrimination in the North

Early Abolitionism
Definition: Abolitionism: Movement in
the North that demanded the
immediate end of slavery
 First abolitionist movements began
around the time of the Revolution esp.
Quakers
 American colonization Society

Early Abolitionism
Abolitionists in the 1830s
 Second Great Awakening convinced
abolitionists of the sin of slavery.
 Abolitionists inspired that Britain
emancipated their slaves in the West
Indies in 1833
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Radical Abolitionism
William Lloyd Garrison
 American Anti-Slavery Society
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 Theodore
Dwight Weld
 Wendell Phillips
 Angelina and Sarah Grimke
 Arthur and Lewis Tappan - wealthy New
York silk merchants.

*** Organization would eventually split
along gender lines; women’s rights
issues***
Radical Abolitionism
David Walker
 Sojourner Truth
 Elijah Lovejoy
 Martin Delaney
 Frederick Douglass
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Pro-slavery whites responded by launching
a massive defense of slavery as a positive
good.
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Slavery supported by the Bible (Genesis) and
Aristotle (slavery existed in ancient Greece).
It was good for barbarous Africans who were
civilized and Christianized
Master-slave relationships resembled those of
a "family."
George Fitzhugh -- most famous of pro-slavery
apologists’
“Gag resolution"
Abolitionist impact in the North
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Abolitionists, esp. Garrison, were
unpopular in many parts of the North.
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Many mob outbursts in response to
extreme abolitionists
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Ambitious politicians avoided abolitionists
(e.g., Lincoln) – abolitionism was political
suicide
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By 1850, abolitionism had had a deep effect
on the Northern psyche.
Popular Sovereignty and the
Mexican Cession
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Intense debate over what to do with the Mexican
Cession.
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Wilmot Proviso: New territory should be free of slavery
Issue threatened to split both Whigs and Democrats along
sectional lines
"Popular Sovereignty"
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Lewis Cass, 1812 War vet, became Democratic candidate for
president in 1848
Definition: Sovereign people of a territory, under general
principles of the Constitution, should determine themselves the
status of slavery.
Supported by many because it kept in line with democratic
tradition of self-determination.
Fatal flaw: It could spread the "peculiar institution" to new
territories.
Election of 1848
Whigs nominated Zachary Taylor,
"Hero of Buena Vista"
 Free-Soil party

 Coalition
of northern antislavery Whig,
Democrat, and Liberty Party men in the
North distrusting Cass & Taylor

Result: Taylor 163, Cass 127, Van
Buren 0
 Free-Soilers
won no states and did not
actually affect the outcome of the election.
California Statehood
Gold discovered in 1848 at Sutter’s Mill;
prospectors in 1848 known as "fortyeighters“
 1849 -- Masses of adventurers flocked to
northern California.
 Gold essentially paved the way for rapid
economic growth in California
 CA drafted a Constitution in 1849 that
excluded slavery and asked Congress for
admission
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Sectional Balance in 1850
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South
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Yet, South deeply worried
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Had presidency, majority in the cabinet, and a majority in the
Supreme Court
Equal number of states in Senate thus strong veto power
In 1850, 15 free and 15 slave states
CA would tip the balance in the Senate and set a free-state
precedent in the southwest
New Mexico and Utah territories seemed leaning toward free
state status.
Texas claimed vast area east of Rio Grande (part of NM CO,
KA & OK) and threatened to seize Santa Fe.
Southerners angered by Northern demands for abolition of
slavery in Wash. DC.
Extremely angered over loss of runaway slaves, many assisted
by North.
When CA applied, southern "fire-eaters" threatened
secession
Underground Railroad and the
Fugitive Slave issue
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Consisted of informal chain of antislavery
homes which hundreds of slaves were
aided by black & white abolitionists in their
escape to free soil Canada.
Harriet Tubman ("Moses") (ex-slave from
Maryland who escaped to Canada)
Jerry Loguen: Led hundreds of slaves to
their freedom
Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 1842
Political. significance: by 1850 southerners
demanded a new more stringent fugitiveslave law
Compromise of 1850

Sunset of the "Great Triumvirate"
 Clay
initiated his 3rd great compromise
 Calhoun (dying of TB) rejected Clay’s
position as not being adequate safeguards.
 Webster supported Clay’s compromise
(famous "7th of March speech" of 1850)
 Meanwhile, William H. Seward (nicknamed
"Higher Law" Seward by his adversaries)
"Compromise of 1850"
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California admitted as a free state ‘
Abolition of the slave trade in District of
Columbia
Popular sovereignty in remainder of Mexican
Cession: New Mexico and Utah territories.
More stringent Fugitive Slave Law (than 1793)
Texas to receive $10 million from federal gov’t
as compensation for its surrendering of
disputed territory to New Mexico.
Result
North got better deal.
 Fugitive Slave Law became the single
most important frictional issue
between north and south in the
1850s.
 Compromise of 1850 won the Civil
War for the North

Election of 1852
Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce
(from NH)
 Whigs nominated General Winfield Scott
("Old Fuss & Feathers") but party fatally
split
 Result: Pierce d. Scott 254 - 42
 Significance: Marked effective end of
Whig party; complete death 2 years later
 Significance of Whig party: Webster &
Clay had kept idea of Union alive (both
died in 1852)
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Expansionism under President
Pierce
War in Nicaragua seemed inevitable;
Britain challenged Monroe Doctrine
 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850): Neither
U.S. or Britain would fortify or secure
exclusive control over any future isthmian
waterway.
 America looks toward Asia

Expansionism under President
Pierce
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Cuba
 Polk
had offered Spain $100 million for Cuba; Spain
categorically refused.
 1850-51 -- two expeditions by private southern
adventurers into Cuba failed.
 1854, Spain seized U.S. steamer Black Warrior on a
technicality.
 Ostend Manifesto
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Secret document whereby U.S. would offer $120 million for
Cuba and if Spain U.S. would take it by force.
News leaked out and angry northern free-soilers forced
Pierce to abandon it.
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
U.S. concerned that CA & Oregon
inaccessible by land & sea routes too
tough
 Debate: Should transcontinental
railroad route run through the North or
South?
 Result

 South
boosted its claim to railroad
 North now tried to quickly organize
Nebraska territory but the South opposed it.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Stephen Douglas proposed carving Nebraska
Territory into 2: Nebraska, Kansas
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Slavery issue would be based on popular sovereignty
His main motive was to give Illinois the eastern terminus for
the proposed Pacific railroad.
Kansas would presumably become slave; Nebraska free
36-30 line prohibited slavery north of it; Kansas above it.
Southerners fully supported it and pushed Pierce to support
KS-NB Act
Douglas successfully rammed the bill through
Congress; great orator of his generation
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854
 Northern
reaction
 Southern reaction
 Effectively wrecked the Compromises of
1820 & 1850

Birth of the Republican party
 Republican
party formed in response to
the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Antislavery literature
Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s
Cabin (1852)
 Hinton R. Helper: The Impending Crisis
of the South (1857)
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"Bleeding Kansas"
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New England Emigrant Aid Company: Sent
2,000 into Kansas to prevent slavery from
taking hold and to make a profit.
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Southerners infuriated by apparent
northern betrayal -- attempts to abolitionize
Kansas.
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1855 election in Kansas for first territorial
legislature
1856, a gang of proslavery raiders shot up
and burned part of free-soil Lawrence,
Kansas.
The Caning of Charles Sumner
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Sumner a leading abolitionist Senator from
Massachusetts, gave speech "Crime Against Kansas"
where he lashed out at southern pro-slaveryites and
insulted a S.C. Senator
S.C. Congressman Preston Brooks retaliated by hitting
Sumner over the head 30 times or more with an 11-oz
gold-headed cane.
The House of Reps could not find enough votes (122
to 95-- 2/3 needed) to expel Brooks but he resigned
nonetheless, and was unanimously reelected by S.C.
Sumner came to symbolize for the North the evils of
the slavery system (along with bleeding Kansas issue)
Pottawatomie Massacre -- John Brown &
followers, in May 1856, hacked 5 men to
pieces with broadswords in response to
attack on Lawrence (and the caning of
Sumner)
 Civil war in Kansas ensued from 1856
and merged with Civil War of 1861-1865
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Lecompton Constitution (1857)
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Kansas had enough people to apply for
statehood on popular sovereignty basis.
Southerners, still in power since 1855, devised
a tricky document
 People
were not allowed to vote for or against
constitution as a whole but voted for the
constitution. with or w/o slavery.
 If people voted no on slavery, rights of slaveholders
already in KS protected
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Infuriated free-soilers boycotted the polls
Slaveryites approved constitution with slavery
late in 1857.
Election of 1856
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James Buchanan chosen as Democratic
nominee over Pierce (seen as too weak) and
Douglas (who alienated the southern wing of
the party after denouncing Lecompton
constitution.)
Republicans nominated Captain John C.
Ferment "Pathfinder of the West"
American Party ("know-nothing") Nativist in
orientation
Buchanan d. Fremont 174 to 114; Fillmore 8.
The Dred Scott Decision (March
6, 1857)
Dried Scott had lived with his master
for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin
Territory.
 80-year-old Marylander Chief Justice
Roger B. Taney wrote the 55 page
opinion.
 Decision
 Impact
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Financial Crash of 1857
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Not as bad as Panic of 1837 but probably the worst
psychologically in 19th c.
Causes
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Influx of California gold into economy inflated currency.
Crimean War over stimulated growing of grain
Speculation in land and railroads backfired.
Results
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Over 5,000 businesses failed within a year.
Unemployment widespread
Renewed demand for free farms of 160 acres from public
domain land.
Demand for higher tariff rates
Republicans had two major issues for 1860: higher tariffs &
Homestead Act
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) –
Senate seat in Illinois
Lincoln’s nomination speech: "A
house divided cannot stand. I believe
this government cannot endure;
permanently half slave and half free.
 Lincoln challenged Douglas to a
series of seven joint debates
 Freeport debate most famous -Freeport Doctrine
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John Brown attacks Harper’s
Ferry
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Brown’s scheme: invade the South secretly
with a few followers and lead slaves to rise,
give them arms, and establish a kind of black
free state.
October, 1859 -- Seized the arsenal at
Harper’s Ferry
Brown and his followers were hanged after a
brief but legal trial.
Brown became a martyr in the North
Effects of Harper’s Ferry were ominous in
southern eyes.
Nominating Conventions of 1860

Democratic party split in two





Met first in South Carolina with Douglas as leading candidate
of northern wing
Next convention in Baltimore nominated Douglas while the
Democratic party split in two
Southern Democratic Party nominated John C. Breckinridge:
Constitutional Union Party nominated John Bell of
Tennessee
Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln



Seward the front-runner but perceived as too radical for victory
in general election.
Republican platform (broadly based)
Southern secessionists warned that the election of Lincoln
would split the Union.
Presidential election of 1860

Lincoln elected president with only 40% of
the vote; most sectional election in history.
 Lincoln
won all Northern states except NJ and MO
(180 electoral votes to 123)
 Breckinridge won all the Deep South states plus AK,
MD, and DE
 Bell won Border States of VA KY and mid-slave
state of TN
 Douglas won only MO and NJ but finished 2nd in
popular votes

South still had control of both Houses of
Congress and a 5-4 majority on Supreme
Court
Southern states secede from the
Union
 Four days after the election of Lincoln, the "Black
Republican", South Carolina legislature unanimously
called for a special convention in Charleston.


Within six weeks, six other states seceded (MS, FL,
AL, GA, LA, TX) all during Buchanan’s "lame-duck"
period.


December, 1860, 170 South Carolina unanimously voted to
secede from the other states.
Four others seceded in April, 1861, after beginning of Civil War
(VA, AK, NC, TN) as they refused to fight their fellow
southerners and agree to Lincoln’s call for volunteers.
Confederate States of America formed in Montgomery
Alabama meeting.

Jefferson Davis chosen as president of provisional government
to be located at Richmond, VA (after Fort Sumter)
Southern states secede from the
Union

President Buchanan did little to prevent
southern secession.
 Claimed
the Constitution did not give him authority
to stop secession with force.
 More significantly, northern army was small and
weak and scattered on the frontier.
 Many of his advisors pro-southern
 Northern sentiment predominantly for peaceful
reconciliation rather than war
 Ironically, Lincoln continued Buchanan’s vacillating
policy when he became president.
 Buchanan’s serendipitous wait-and-see policy
probably helped save the Union.
Reasons for southern secession
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Alarmed at the political balance tipping in favor
of the North
Horrified at victory of the sectional Republican
party which appeared to threaten their rights as
a slaveholding minority.
Angry over free-soil criticism and abolitionism,
and northern interference such as the
Underground Railroad and John Brown’s raid.
Many southerners felt secession would be
unopposed
Opportunity to end generations of dependence
to the North.
Morally they were in the right
Crittenden amendments -- final
attempt at compromise
Proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden
of Kentucky (heir to political throne of
Clay)
 Designed to appease the South
 Provisions
 Rejected by Lincoln; all hope of
compromise was gone.

EXTRA STUFF

Name four major Rebellions in early
American History…
EVENT
Bacon’s
Rebellion
DATE
1676
CAUSE
-Virginia
frontiersmen
seeking land
clashed with
Indians
-Frontiersmen
demanded help
from the
government
-Jamestown
refused aid,
fearing Indian
War
EVENTS
-Bacon
and his
men lived on
frontier
-Bacon and his
men stormed
Jamestown
-Burned
Jamestown
-Bacon died of
fever
-Rebellion
collapsed
SIGNIFICANCE
-Colonial
rebellion
against
government
authority
-Clash between
E/W, Rich/Poor
-Tidewater’s
discrimination
against
frontiersmen
-Revision of
indentured
servant system,
greater reliance
of slave labor.
EVENT
Daniel
Shay’s
Rebellion
DATE
1786-1787
CAUSE
-Unfair
taxes in
Massachusetts
-Farmers foreclosed
-Farmers imprisoned as
debtors
EVENTS
-Shays/1200
men
attacked courts in
w. Massachusetts
-State militia put
down rebellion
SIGNIFICANCE
-Uprising
was a
general threat to
property
-Threat that
rebellion could
spread to other
states
-AOC viewed as
too weak to
maintain law and
order
-Bolstered call for
revisions of
Articles
(Constitutional
Convention 1787)
EVENT
Whiskey
Rebellion
DATE
1794-1795
CAUSE
-Farmers
in w.
Pennsylvania
refused to pay
federal excise
tax on whiskey
-Attacked Tax
Collectors
-Farmers
compared tax
to Stamp Act
of 1765
EVENTS
-GW
called for
13,000 troops
to suppress
rebels
-Rebels
dispersed,
ceased
rebellion.
SIGNIFICANCE
-Put
the force
of the
government
behind the
constitution
-Government
could enforce
the law
-Constitutional
protected
law/order
-Hamilton’s
idea of an
energetic
national
government
prevailed.
EVENT
Nat Turner’s
Rebellion
DATE
1831
CAUSE
-Slaves
wanted
freedom
-Nat Turner
saw “vision”
and attacked
whites in
Southampton
County,
Virginia
EVENTS
-Turner,
70
slaves, and 55
whites killed
-Turner caught;
he was
executed, and
hundreds of
slaves were
punished
SIGNIFICANCE
-Frightened
South
-Tightened
slave codes
-Restricted
freedom for all
blacks in
South
-South began
to aggressively
defend slavery
as a “positive
good”
What are some area acquisitions that were
made with the intent to strengthen, unite,
and enlarge the nation?
 Between 1783-1853
 Think about Manifest Destiny
 What land area was acquired, and with
what means of acquisition?

Expansion of the US 1783-1853
1783
1846
1803
1848
1819
1853
Original 13 States and area east of
Mississippi River
DATE
MEANS OF
ACQUISITION
COSTS
1783
Treaty of Paris
with England to
conclude the
American
Revolution
$0
SIGNIFICANCE
-U.S.
gained
transAppalachian
empire
-Gateway to land
beyond
Mississippi River
-Led to
Northwest
Ordinance
Louisiana Territory
DATE
MEANS OF
ACQUISITION
COSTS
1803
Treaty with
Napoleon in
France
$15
million
SIGNIFICANCE
-Doubled
the size of
the U.S.
-Gave US control of
Mississippi River
-Eliminated Napoleon
as threat to American
Security
-Led to conflicts over
status of slavery in
new territories.
Florida
DATE
MEANS OF
ACQUISITION
COSTS
1819
Adams-Onis
Treaty with
Spain
(Transcontine
ntal Treaty)
$15
Million
SIGNIFICANCE
-Doubled
the size
of the U.S.
-Gave US control
of Mississippi
River
-Eliminated
Napoleon as
threat to
American security
-Led to conflicts
over status of
slavery in new
territories.
Oregon
DATE
1846
MEANS OF
ACQUISITION
COSTS
Treaty with 0
England
SIGNIFICANCE
-Prevented
war with
England by splitting
Oregon Territory at 49th
parallel
-Gave U.S. clear claim
to land on the Pacific
coast
-U.S. now stretched
from Ocean to Ocean.
Mexican Cession
DATE
1848
MEANS OF
ACQUISITION
COSTS
Treaty of
$15
Guadalupe
million
Hidalgo Settled
MexicanAmerican War
SIGNIFICANCE
- US acquired
California and
large portions of
southwest North
America
-Completed
Manifest Destiny
Led to conflict over
status of slavery in
territory won from
Mexico
Gadsden Purchase
DATE
1853
MEANS OF
ACQUISITION
COSTS
SIGNIFICANCE
Treaty of
$10 million - Bought with
the hope of
Mexican
transcontinenta
government
l railroad
across the
southern U.S.
- Instead,
transcontinenta
l railroad went
through middle
of the nation in
1860s
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE MAJOR
TREATIES IN US HISTORY?
 THINK BETWEEN 1794-1919.

Major Treaties in US History
Jays Treaty 1794
NATO
1949
Treaty of Ghent 1814
Adams – Onis Treaty 1819
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848
Southeast Asia
Treaty
Organization
1954
Treaty of Paris 1898
Treaty of Versailles 1919
Treaty
NATIONS
Jay Treaty
US / England
Treaty of Ghent
US / England
Adams – Onis Treaty
US / Spain
Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo
Treaty of Paris
US / Mexico
Treaty of Versailles
Allies/Germany
US / Spain
Treaty
PROVISIONS
Jay Treaty
1794
-Britain
Treaty of
Ghent 1814
-Ended
Adams –
Onis Treaty
1819
-U.S.
Treaty of
Guadalupe
Hidalgo 1848
Treaty of
Paris 1898
Treaty of
Versailles
1919
withdrew from forts in Great Lakes
-Arbitration of Revolutionary debts
-Payment for American shipping losses
-U.S. gains improved trading status with Britain.
War of 1812
-No land concessions by either side
-No apology by British for impressments
-Established commissions to set boundary between U.S./Canada.
got Florida
-US got Spain $5 million
-Spain recognized U.S. claims to Oregon Country
-Established boundary between New Spain and Louisiana Territory
-US surrendered its claims to Texas
-Ended
Mexican War
-Mexico recognized Texas annexation
-Mexico surrendered Mexican Cession
-U.S. paid Mexico $15 million
Pay attention to what
they have in common
and what is different
-Entered
Spanish American War
-Cuba freed from Spanish rule
-U.S. got Puerto Rico and Guam from Spain - US paid $20 million for Philippines
-Ended
the Great War (WWI)
-Established the League of Nations
-Germany punished for starting war
-U.S. senate rejected the treaty because of League of Nations and isolationist
sentiment in U.S.

What are the major differences between
BUS 1 and BUS 2
YEARS
BUS 1
BUS 2
1791-1811
1816-1836
REASONS FOR
CREATION
BUS 1
-Hamilton modeled it after
Bank of England
-Paid dividends and interest
to government, which was
the source of revenue.
BUS 2
-1811-1816 country in
economic chaos following
war of 1812
-Explosion in number of
unstable state banks.
FUNCTION
BUS 1
BUS 2
-Provided flexible currency
-Controlled state banks
-Created adequate credit for
business
-Provided flexible currency
-Generated revenue for
national government
-Restrained land speculation
-Controlled inflation
SUPPORTERS
BUS 1
-Hamilton’s supporters
-Members of the Federalist Party
-Mercantile, eastern groups
-Friends of strong central
governments
BUS 2
-Madison signed recharter
-National Republicans/Whigs
-Henry Clay/ Nicholas Biddle
-Mercantile, eastern groups
OPPONENTS
BUS 1
-
Jefferson’s supporters
Democratic-Republicans
Backcountry farmers
States’ right supporters
BUS 2
-Old Jeffersonians
-Andrew Jackson – Democrats
-Western farmers
-Small banking interests
-Land speculators
REASONS FOR
DEMISE
BUS 1
-Republicans gain political
power and, by 1811, control
Washington
-Madison’s government did
not renew charter
BUS 2
-Andrew Jackson’s Veto
-Became a cause celebre for
opponents of Jackson
-Appeared undemocratic/elitist in th
egalitarian 1830s
CONSTITUTIONAL
ISSUE
BUS 1
- Federalists: Bank was “necessary and
proper” under “elastic clause” in
Constitution
- Republicans: Bank violated the
Constitution – establishing Bank was not
enumerated as a power of Congress in
Article 1, Section 8
- Great Struggle of loose v. strict
interpretation of the Constitution
BUS 2
- 1819 McCulloch v. Maryland
declared the Bank unconstitutional
- 1832 Jackson declared the Bank
unconstitutional in his veto message
- Part of an ongoing debate between
the loose/strict interpretations of
constitution and the strong/weak
views of federal government.
QUESTIONS
C: Jackson did NOT object to the bank’s preventing inflation, though
some of his followers may have. Jackson desired the gold standard,
and believed the bank allowed the economic power of the government
to be wielded by private individuals.

All of the following were among President Andrew
Jackson’s objections to the First Bank of the US
except:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
It allowed the economic power of the government to be
controlled by private individuals
It threatened the integrity of the democratic system
It was preventing the government from achieving its policy of
creating inflation.
It could be used irresponsibly to create financial hardship for
the nation.
It benefited a small group of wealthy and privileged persons at
the expense of the rest of the country.
B: The molasses Act was intended to force the colonists to
buy sugar from more expensive British colonial sources
rather than from foreign producers. Forcing the colonists to
export solely to GB.

The Molasses Act was intended to enforce
England’s mercantilist policies by…
Forcing the colonists to export solely to Great
Britain
B. Forcing the colonists to buy sugar from other British
colonies rather than from foreign produces.
C. Forbidding the colonist to engage in manufacturing
activity in competition with British industries
D. Providing a favorable market for the products of the
British East India Company.
E. Creating an economic situation in which gold
tended to flow from the colonies to the mother
country.
A.
E: The British government mistakenly thought the
colonists would accept the Townshend Act as an
external tax after having rejected the previous Stamp
Act, and internal Tax.

The British government imposed the Townshend
Acts on the American colonies in belief that
The American position regarding British taxation had
changed.
B. It was necessary to provoke a military confrontation in
order to teach the colonists a lesson.
C. Its provisions were designed solely to enforce
mercantilism
D. It had been approved by the colonial legislatures
E. The Americans would accept it as external rather than
internal taxation.
A.
A: The primary issues in Say’s Rebellion was the jailing of
individuals or seizure of their property for failure to pay taxes
during a time of economic hardship. Economic oppression by
eastern Massachusetts Bankers

The primary issue in dispute in Shay’s Rebellion was
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The jailing of individuals or seizure of their property for failure
to pay taxes during a time of economic hardship
The underrepresentation of western Massachusetts in the
state legislature leading to accusation of “taxation without
representation.”
The failure of Massachusetts to pay a promised postwar bonus
to soldiers who had served in its forces during the revolution.
The failure of Massachusetts authorities to take adequate
steps to protect the western part of the state from the
depredations of raiding Indians.
Economic oppression practiced by the banking interests of
eastern Massachusetts.