Transcript Chapter 7

Chapter 7
National Growing Pains
Madison in Power
• Election of 1808
 Madison wins 122/173 electoral votes
 Republicans sweep congress
• Continued trouble with Britain
 Non-Intercourse Act difficult to enforce
 Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
• Removed all restrictions on trade with Britain and France
• Barred British and French warships from American waters
• President could reapply the principle of non-intercourse
Madison in Power
• Trade rose to preembargo levels
• Trade with France limited
due to British fleet
• Napoleon’s revocation of
Berlin and Milan decrees
cause Madison to reapply
non-intercourse with
Britain
• British refuse to modify
Orders in Council
• Madison painted himself
in corner- US must
declare war
James Madison
Tecumseh and the Indians
• Americans believed
Canada behind Indian
attacks
• Tecumseh and “The
Prophet”
• Indian organized
resistance
• Wm. Henry Harrison
• Tippecanoe
• War with Britain?
Depression and Land Hunger
• Prices dropping for western goods
• Loss of markets due to British or American trade
restrictions?
• Burdensome transportation/distribution system
• Expansionism – Canada and Florida?
• Madison – war to force British to respect
American rights?
• Patriotic fervor – war to defend national honor
Opponents of War
• Federalists – opposed all Republican
initiatives (Bush?)
• Fear of British military power
• British protection of America?
• British depression resulted in suspension
of the Orders in Council
• No cause for war
The War of 1812
• How to fight the war?
 The Navy? Seven frigates
versus 34 frigates and 7 ships
of the line
 Privateers- captured 1300+
British merchant ships
 Canada
 Three-pronged attack: Detroit,
Niagara, and Montreal
 Defeats put America on
defensive
 Battle of Lake Erie – Oliver
Perry
The USS Constitution – “Old ironsides”
Britain on the Offensive
• Surrender of Napoleon allowed Britain to
direct full attention against US
• 14,000 battle-hardened vets free to attack
US
• Three-pronged strategy
 Attack from Montreal into NY
 Feint against Chesapeake
 Attack New Orleans
Britain on the Offensive
• Chesapeake
 Landing in Maryland
– US gunboats run
away and destroyed
 Battle of
Bladensburg – US
army runs away
 Washington burned
 British stopped at
Baltimore
 Bombardment of
Fort McHenry
 British withdraw
Britain on the Offensive
O say, can you see, by the dawn's early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last
gleaming?
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thro' the
perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so
gallantly streaming?
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting
in air,
Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still
there.
O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the
brave?
Britain on the Offensive
• Destruction of Washington caused
dramatic increase in enlistments
• Battle of Plattsburgh - destruction of British
ships on Lake Champlain cause British to
withdraw
• The Treaty of Ghent – status quo ante
bellum
The Hartford Convention
• Meeting of New England Federalists
• Protested war and planned convention of
the states to revise the constitution
• New England against the war
• Federalist-controlled state governments
refused to provide militia and funds for the
war
• New England traded with Britain and
Canada
The Hartford Convention
• New England banks would not loan US
government money
• Federalist extremists discussed secession
• Federalists approved statement that a
state has a right to interpose its authority
to protect itself (VA & KY Resolutions)
• What five constitutional amendments were
proposed? See page 201
The Battle of New Orleans
• Importance of New Orleans
• Andrew Jackson
• Initial US attack on British camp was
inconclusive
• British reinforced
• British attacked US fortifications –
expected US army to run
• British casualties 2100 versus 71 US
In 1814 we took a little trip
Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty
Mississip.
We took a little bacon and we took a little
beans
And we caught the bloody British in the town
of New Orleans.
[Chorus]
We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin.
There wasn't nigh as many as there was a
while ago.
We fired once more and they began to runnin'
Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.
We looked down the river and we see'd the
British come.
And there must have been a hundred of'em
beatin' on the drum.
They stepped so high and they made the
bugles ring.
We stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a
thing.
[Chorus]
Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise
If we didn't fire our muskets 'til we looked 'em
in the eye
We held our fire 'til we see'd their faces well.
Then we opened up with squirrel guns and
really gave 'em ... well
[Chorus]
Yeah, they ran through the briars and they ran
through the brambles
And they ran through the bushes where a
rabbit couldn't go.
They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch
'em
Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.**
We fired our cannon 'til the barrel melted down.
So we grabbed an alligator and we fought
another round.
We filled his head with cannon balls, and
powdered his behind
And when we touched the powder off, the gator
lost his mind.
[Chorus]
Yeah, they ran through the briars and they ran
through the brambles
And they ran through the bushes where a
rabbit couldn't go.
They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch
'em
Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.**
Victory Weakens the Federalists
• Battle of New Orleans results in national
euphoria
• United States accepted as permanent
actor on international stage
• Indians main losers
• Federalist Party crumbles
• Peace in Europe brought economic revival
and new European immigration
• US turned inward
James Madison
Anglo-American Rapprochement
• War brought US some measure of respect
• Diplomatic problems now solved
peacefully
• Discriminatory duties ended
• Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817 demilitarized
the Great Lakes
• Convention of 1818 – the 49th parallel
agreed to as boundary
• Oregon country to be jointly controlled
Assignment
•
Create a Cause and Effect chart for the War of 1812
 Long range causes set the national mood for war like the Berlin Decree and Orders in
Council
 Short range causes are specific events that made us go to war like the attack on the USS
Chesapeake
 You do not need to enter anything for the War of 1812
 Immediate effects can be found in your textbook right after the War of 1812
 Long range effects are things that happened because of our new place in the world like the
Rush-Bagot Treaty
Long –
Range
Causes
Immediate
The
Immediate
Causes
War
Effects
Of 1812
Long –
Range
Effects
British forts on western border
Incitement of Indian attacks
Impressment of American sailors (Orders in Council)
Seizure of American ships
Embargo Act / Non-Intercourse Act
USS Chesapeake Affair
Indian attacks – Tecumseh
Macon’s Bill No.2
Depression and Land Hunger
War of 1812
Treaty of Ghent
Status Quo Ante Bellum
Hartford Convention
Patriotic Upsurge
Anglo-American Rapprochement
Federalist Party Discredited
Transcontinental Treaty
Monroe Doctrine
New National Identity
Transcontinental Treaty
• 1816 – James Monroe elected president
• Border problems with Florida
 Indian raids - Seminoles
 Escaped slaves
 Monroe orders Jackson to follow if need be
• Feeble Spain surrendered Florida to protect
Mexican territory in west
• John Quincy Adams negotiated line on Sabine,
Red, and Arkansas Rivers and 42nd parallel to
Pacific
• Transcontinental Treaty 1819
The Monroe Doctrine
• Challenges to US territorial expansion
1821 Russia claimed territory down to 51st
parallel and forbade ships to enter waters
Europe discussed taking Latin America back
for Spain (Principle of Legitimacy)
• 1824 treaty Russia abandons claims south
of Alaska and removes restrictions on
ships
The Monroe Doctrine
• Britain also against European plans for
Latin America due to extensive economic
links
• Britain wanted joint agreement with US to
keep France out, pledge to stay out
themselves, and not recognize new Latin
republics
• US responds with Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine
• Monroe Doctrine
 US would not interfere with any European colony
 US would not involve itself in European affairs
 Any attempt to extend European control in Western
Hemisphere would be considered threat to US
 US not powerful enough to back doctrine – British
fleet could
• Independence – Monroe Doctrine seen as final
step in the establishment of the nation
Era of Good Feelings
• James Monroe elected
president 1816
• Good-natured man perfect for
era of peace and prosperity
• Monroe Doctrine more a
product of Sec State JQ
Adams
• Reconciliation of Adams &
Jefferson
• Made goodwill tour of New
England - Why?
• Presidency a period of
harmony – superficial?
New Sectional Issues
• Disputes over banking, the tariff, federal
land policy, and internal improvements
• High tariffs
Import duties doubled to pay for war
Duties kept at end of war – protected US
textile industries against British dumping
All for high tariffs except New England
The South came to oppose tariffs – hurt
cotton trade
New Sectional Issues
• National Banking Policy
National Bank charter not renewed in 1811
State banks wanted business
Many state banks failed
Government business suffered
Second Bank of the United States authorized
in 1816
Poor management made bank unpopular
New Sectional Issues
• Land Policies
Land Act of 1800 – set $2 per acre as
minimum price and 320 acres as smallest unit
Easy credit caused boom in land sales but
resurgence of European agriculture caused
prices to collapse
Westerners wanted cheap land, the North
wanted limits fearing drain of surplus labor,
and South feared agricultural competition
New Sectional Issues
• Internal Improvements
Only significant improvement was the
National Road
• Slavery
African slave trade abolished in 1808
Free and slave states added to union in equal
numbers
Boom in cotton caused South to support
slavery more aggressively
Assignment
• Founding fathers dead or aged
• New national leaders
• Create a chart comparing Northern,
Southern, and Western leaders. List their
beliefs, accomplishments, and character
Figure
John Quincy
Adams
Daniel Webster
Martin Van
Buren
William H.
Crawford
John C.
Calhoun
Henry Clay
Thomas Hart
Benton
Andrew
Jackson
Character
Beliefs
Achievements
The Missouri Compromise
• Missouri ready to enter the union
• Majority of population Southern
• NY Congressman Tallmadge introduced
amendment prohibiting slavery
• Senate rejected amendment
• Northerners objected to slave state
extending north of the Ohio River
The Missouri Compromise
• North objected to new slave state based
on 3/5 rule – inflated representation
• Compromise in 1820 admitted Missouri as
slave state and Maine as free state
• To prevent further conflict, slavery
prohibited north of 36 degrees latitude
• Arkansas and Oklahoma to be slave
The Missouri Compromise
• Missouri submitted state constitution to
Congress
• Constitution forbade free blacks and mulattos
entry to state – violated US constitution
• Northern congressmen refused to accept
constitution
• Henry Clay worked out compromise
• All saw that the Missouri controversy was an
alarm bell
The Election of 1824
• Candidates were Calhoun, Jackson, Crawford,
Adams, and Clay
• More personal contest rather than party
• Calhoun withdrew
• Crawford suffered series of strokes
• Very little public interest – barely ¼ voted
• Contest thrown into the House
• Clay used influence to swing election to Adams
John Quincy Adams
• Wanted vast program
of national
improvements
• Ambitious goals made
people suspicious –
fear of “Federalists”
• Poor speaker and
inept politician
Calhoun’s Exposition and
Protest
• North and West wanted higher tariffs to
protect industries
• South wanted lower tariff
• 1828 – new tariff proposed
• South hoped to block bill with help from
New England
• “Tariff of Abominations” passed
Calhoun’s Exposition and
Protest
• South Carolina passed resolutions
denouncing tariff as unfair and
unconstitutional
• Calhoun wrote essay that argued states
could nullify federal laws if states believed
laws to be unconstitutional
• Used John Locke’s concept of government
as contractual relationship