Transcript Review - Plain Local Schools

Review
1789-1900
Federalist Era










President : George Washington, no party, 1789-1797
Washington opposed parties - divisive
Alexander Hamilton – supported local industry through
subsidies & tax support
Excise tax, on distillers, & tariffs, to finance industry
Jefferson et al opposed Hamilton – benefit a few at expense of
many (farmers)
Beginning of struggle between “big govt” .v. “small govt”
Strict interpretation .v. loose interpretation
Judiciary Act, 1789, created Supreme Court
Whiskey Rebellion, 1794
French Revolution
John Adams, Federalist,
1797-1801





Jefferson, V-P
XYZ Affair, 1798
Alien & Sedition Acts
Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
Packing the Judiciary – Midnight
Judges
Thomas Jefferson,
Republican, 1802-1809










Dream of a nation of yeoman farmers
Minimum role for federal governmentt
Marbury .v. Madison – Supreme Court has judicial review
over federal legislation
“Marshall Court” will be influential for decades to come
Louisiana Purchase, 1803
Lewis & Clark expedition, 1804-05
Aaron Burr – secession ? take Mexico, estab new nation treason ?
Barbary War – pirates in Mediterranean
Conflict between France & Britain ~ tension w/ US
(impressments, interference w/ freedom of the seas, i.e. trade)
Embargo, 1807
James Madison, Republican,
1809-1817







War of 1812
failed attack on Canada
Andrew Jackson (Indians & New Orleans)
British burn White House
Hartford Convention
Era of Good Feelings (1812-1819) – unity,
prosperity – short lived
Protective Tariff, 1816
James Monroe, Republican,
1817-1823












High foreign demand for cotton, grain, tobacco
Recession of 1819 (worse in West)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward, & McCullough v. MD (1819)
Missouri Compromise, 1820
Expansion of West
Transportation revolution (steamboat, canals, national highway)
Cotton Kingdom
Urbanization (Erie Canal ~ NYC)
Industrialization
Monroe Doctrine, 1823
Nationalism in “culture” – Noah Webster, Washington Irving, James
Fenimore Cooper
2nd Great Awakening (begins 1801, Ky, continues into 1830s)
Jacksonian Democracy (18281836)








1824 – the “corrupt bargain” election (JQ Adams & Clay “rob”
Jackson)
Jackson represents the “common man”.
Jackson expands suffrage, so the “common man” can vote =
Jacksonian Democracy.
De Tocqueville, “Democracy in America”.
Jackson uses the veto and establishes Presidential authority
over Congress.
Jackson defies the Supreme Court by Indian Removal Act,
1830 (Cherokees – Worcester .v. Georgia), Trail of Tears
results.
Jackson fights a running battle with Henry Clay and his
American System.
Whigs (Clay & Webster) v. Democrats (Jackson & Van Buren)
– 2 party system becomes established.
Jacksonian Democracy (18281836)






Jackson stands for small govt, but NOT for nullification
(remember, Jackson is President and nullification or secession
reduces the power of the feds.
John C. Calhoun is influential as South-North disputes blow up
over slavery, tariffs, BUS, federally funded internal
improvements.
Tariff of Abominations (1828 – is slavery the real issue?), SC
nullifies the tariff, Jackson responds with the Force Bill (1833)
and SC backs down. Civil War is averted for a few more
years.
Webster – Hayne Debate, 1830 (Senate, Webster makes
stirring speech about the union being “one and inseperable” –
again, it’s the nullification / secession issue).
Jackson fights Nicholas Biddle to destroy the BUS.
Jackson declares the US “neutral”, but assists Texas break
free from Mexico (1836)
Slavery Issue









Missouri Compromise (1820)
Abolitionists active (Wm Lloyd Garrison, 1831, The
Liberator)
States’ rights = right to have slaves
Therefore the whole nullification / secession thing is
really about slavery.
Manifest Destiny; Louisiana Purchase; Texas;
Mexican Land – slavery is issue in each
Free Soil Party
Slave revolts (Nat Turner, Denmark Vesey)
Underground Railroad (Harriet Tubman)
Wilmot Proviso
Social Issues






Transcendentalists (Thoreau, Emerson)
Utopian movements everywhere, inspired
by Romanticism
Beginning of Temperance Movement
Feminism movement – Seneca Falls, 1848
Prison reform
2nd Great Awakening (began 1801, but took
off in 1831)
Demographics






Population moving west rapidly
East becoming less significant
Canals & railroads & national roads assist
westward movement
Immigration from Britain, Germany, Ireland
Cities growing, as are health issues in cities
Mormon migration westward (1846, Great
Salt Lake)
Foreign Policy



Mainly having to do with contiguous territory
Obviously foreign policy is driven by
“Manifest Destiny” idea (term coined in
1844)
Texan independence (1836), Canada
(Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842), Oregon
Treaty (1846), Mexican War (1846)
Industrialization



Growth of cities as a result
Lowell System of employment in NE
Tariffs to protect American industry
(Clay’s Am. System)
Economic Issues

Panic of 1837
Sectional Conflict & Causes
of Civil War, 1850-60 Politics





Growing concerns and disputes regarding slavery
Wilmot Proviso, 1846 (re. Mexican Cession land).
Free Soil Party, 1848 & 1852
Abolitionists, Underground Railroad
1850 Compromise (Clay, Calhoun, Webster,
Douglas)






N. got California ; slave trade abolished in DC
Popular Sovereignty in rest of Mexican Cession land
S. got tougher Fugitive Slave Law ; Texas’ debt paid by
feds
Wm Seward : “a higher law” than the Constitution
National joy that a Compromise had been reached
Joy was short-lived
Sectional Conflict & Causes
of Civil War, 1850-60 Politics















“Uncle Tom’s Cabin” whipped up the slavery issue – H.B.
Stowe’s response to Fug Slave Law
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 (Douglas)
popular sovereignty
trans-continental railroad
repealed Missouri Compromise
Bleeding Kansas (Free Soilers, John Brown), 1856
Preston Brooks “canes” Charles Sumner, 1856
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857
Chief Justice, Roger B. Taney, Md.
Delivered extreme Southern position on slavery issue
North outraged (refused to accept decision)
Lincoln - Douglas Debates, 1858
Lincoln = slavery should be extended
Douglas = popular sovereignty
Freeport Doctrine – Douglas defied Dred Scott ruling
Sectional Conflict & Causes
of Civil War, 1850-60 Politics






Decline of the 2 party system (split by slavery issue ; also by
“nativism” – Know Nothing Party took votes from Whigs) –
tougher to deal with slavery when there is no opposition party
to support
Growth of Republican Party (Lincoln) to replace Whigs – result
of opposition to Kansas-Nebraska Act. Ran Millard Fillmore in
1856 (lost)
Democrats split into North & South.
John Brown’s Raid, Harper’s Ferry, 1859
South convinced that all North was fanatically anti-slavery
Hinton Rowan Helper’s book “The Impending Crisis in the
South”





argued that slavery was economically harmful to South
South outraged
Fear that poor whites in South would turn against slavery
Election of Abraham Lincoln, 1860
Crittenden Compromise, 1860 - failed
Presidents




General Zachary Taylor, Whig, 184850 (died) ; Millard Fillmore, 1850-52
Franklin Pierce, Democrat, 1852-56
James Buchanan, Democrat, 1856-60
Abraham Lincoln, Republican, 1860 ~
Economics









Growth and prosperity
Tremendous growth of railroads ~ national market ~ big
business
Steamboat trade inland, clipper ships at sea ~ tremendous
trade
Textile industries booming in NE (inventions)
South profiting due to cotton sales – King Cotton – slave labor
the key
Free labor in North = expensive ~ incentive to use machines
Agriculture shifting to Midwest (grain, livestock) ~ railroads
help
Cyrus McCormick, mechanical reaper & thresher
Panic of 1857 (over-speculation, bad banking practices,
Crimean War cut European investments to US)
Foreign Policy


Commodore Perry pressures Japan to
trade, 1853
Westward expansion – tried to annex
Hawaii ; Gadsden Purchase 1853 (for
transcontinental railroad); tried to buy
Cuba
Civil War, 1861-65










Numerous causes, but SLAVERY the most obvious.
Desire of South to secede is the catalyst. North says secession is
unconstitutional.
North claims it is fighting to preserve the Union. Emancipating slaves won’t
become a war goal until 1863.
South opens fire on N. troops at Fort Sumter, Charleston harbor, SC, April 12,
1861.
North has numerous advantages – greater wealth to finance war, 3-to-1
population advantage (plus new immigrants during war), industrial might, superior
transportation /railway network, superior navy which can partially blockade South,
and astute President in Lincoln.
South has advantage of superior military leaders (Stonewall Jackson, Robert E.
Lee, Johnston). North is hampered for first couple of years by timid or aged
generals (McDowell, McClellan, Winfield Scott). Later promote younger more
determined generals such as U.S. Grant, Sherman, Sheridan.
South is physically large, thus difficult for North to conquer.
South’s President, Jefferson Davis, proved indecisive.
Much of fighting conducted in South, giving advantage to South of knowing the
terrain, and having friendly civilians.
South’s population is one-third slave (can’t use in army, can’t trust not to rebel).
Strategy














North wants to capture South’s capital, Richmond, Va., Southern capital.
2 Battles of Bull Run. South successful, but both armies raw & poorly trained.
Peninsula Campaign to capture Richmond. (Spring, 1862, McClellan loses his nerve, and retreats).
North wants to starve the South – hence naval blockade (Anaconda Plan). But coastline too long to
adequately blockade.
North wants to split South in 2, along the Mississippi R., thus dividing and conquering. Need to capture New
Orleans (April 1862).
Meanwhile, Western campaign, Tennessee. Battle of Shiloh. US Grant first noticed here.
Northern diplomacy. Stop South being recognized by Britain or France. South hoped that cotton would lure
allies. It didn’t. Slavery was a stronger issue, and neither Br nor France would support the institution of
slavery.
Naval battles ? Ironclads. “Virginia” (South) fights “Monitor” (North), May 1862. Stalemate. Finish.
Lee invades the Pennsylvania, to relieve pressure on Richmond. Lee’s army meets Meade’s Army of the
Potomac at Gettysburg, July 1863. Decisive battle, bloodiest of the entire war. Lee is defeated, but Meade
allows Lee to escape back to Virginia.
Grant captures Vicksburg, Mississippi, July, 1863, thus giving North control of entire Miss. R. South cut in
two.
1864, Grant sends Sherman to capture Atlanta, Ga., while Grant himself leads Army of Potomac on another
assault on Richmond.
Sherman takes Atlanta, then marches to the sea at Savannah, cutting a swath of destruction (Dec. 1864).
Lee forced to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, Va., April 9, 1865.
Lincoln assassinated, April 14, 1865, in Washington D.C.
Homefront












Public morale hard to maintain in North.
Copperheads were Southern supporters in North.
Conscription in North, 1863, caused discontent.
Draft-dodging and desertion problems in N. and S.
High tariffs & income tax (constitutional) in North to pay for war.
“Greenbacks” issued by feds. South issued their own paper money. Inflation.
Scarcity of food, and men, in South.
Lincoln suspended “habeas corpus”. Stretched his Constitutional powers to the
limit, and beyond.
Davis (in South) met opposition from state governors who wanted to keep “states
rights”, and who saw Richmond as a threat to their liberty.
Emancipation Proclamation from Lincoln, 1 January, 1863. Gave North the moral
high ground. Desperation from Lincoln ? Waited until after “victory” at Battle of
Antietam. No Proclamation earlier in war for fear of upsetting Border states, who
could have swung their allegiance to South.
Northern public tired of war and continuing casualties. Low morale.
1864 Election in North. Lincoln re-elected with V-P Andrew Johnson (Tennessee).
Sherman captures Atlanta, lifts Northern spirits, gives big boost to Lincoln.
McClellan runs for Democrats, calling for a negotiated peace with South.
The Gilded Age: Politics






Period of Republican Party supremacy
President 1868-1876, Ulysses S Grant- good soldier, not a
great president.
Waving the bloody shirt = reviving glorified memories from
war, and reminding the electorate as to who was “the enemy.”
Corruption – an embarrassingly large number of Grant’s
cabinet members were guilty of corruption. Did Grant know,
or was he out of touch with reality ?
Horace Greeley (influential NY editor) first Republican, then
switched to Democrats. Republicans re-nominated Grant.
Election of 1876


R = Hayes, D = Tilden, 19 contested states, FL, LA and SC all
sent in 2 sets of ballots, one Republican and one Democrat.
Constitutional crises, who counts the ballots, House under D
control Senate under R control , which ever one counted would
favor in the interests of their party.
Compromise of 1877 set up an electoral count act and an
electoral commission to count the votes. D accepted Republican
returns and in return Federal troops removed from SC & LA.
The Gilded Age: Social Issues



U.S moral stature was in question, bred waste,
extravagance, speculation & graft.
Because of compromise of 1877 black rights
suffered, federal troops were gone, southern states
added literacy requirements, voter registration laws
and poll taxes, blacks can no longer vote.
1880 California has 75,000 Asian newcomers, 9%
of pop, racism against Chinese. Irish especially
racist, lead by Denis Kearney resented competition
of cheap labor. 1879, Congress said no more
Chinese laborers in the country.
The Gilded Age: Economic
Issues



Paralyzing economic depression, 1873,
based on over-speculation, huge inflation,
problems with silver, no more silver being
sold to treasury to mint, then silver
production goes up, people now want silver
dollars
Bland-Allison Act, states the treasury will
buy $2 –4 million worth of silver a month.
Basic economic agreement between
Democrats and Republicans.
Corruption



Jay Gould & Jim Fisk = two millionaires tried to
corner gold market, 1869, day named black Friday
tried dive the gold price up the wall, treasury
compelled to release gold, this was unexpected to
the con artists.
Tweed ring NYC mayor Boss Tweed, cheated the
books pocketed much of the cities money. Thomas
Nast NYT cartoonist exposed Tweed. Samuel L
Tilden, was prosecutor for case.
Credit Mobilier scandal, hired to build, union
pacific railway, hired themselves to do the job made
extra $20,000 per mile of track laid.