Transcript Document

The NASA Human
Exploration Program
SAE Aerospace
Control and Guidance
Systems Committee
Meeting
Salt Lake City, Utah
March 4, 2005
Linda Fuhrman
[email protected]
617-258-3259
Human Exploration Slide 1
“Audentes Fortunas Juvat.”
(Fortune favors the bold.)
- Virgil
Human Exploration Slide 2
Overview


The Vision for Space Exploration
NASA’s Exploration Systems Mission Directorate and
NASA’s Implementation Strategy

Preliminary Architectures for Human Lunar
Exploration

Q&A
Human Exploration Slide 3
NASA Vision
A New Future for US Civil Space Programs

On January 14, 2004, President Bush
articulated a new Vision for Space Exploration
in the 21st Century

This Vision encompasses a broad range of
human and robotic missions, including the
moon, Mars and destinations beyond

It establishes clear goals and objectives, but
sets equally clear budgetary ‘boundaries’ by
stating firm priorities and tough choices

It also establishes as policy the goals of
pursuing commercial and international
collaboration in realizing the new vision
Human Exploration Slide 4
NASA’s Exploration Concept
A modular, extensible, sustainable, affordable, reliable
“System-of-Systems” approach to enable human exploration
of the moon, Mars, and other destinations.
“Go as you pay” instead of “Pay as you go.”
Human Exploration Slide 5
Human Exploration Slide 6
Major Milestones

2010: Complete ISS and retire
STS

2014: First crewed flight of the
CEV

2015: JIMO / Prometheus

By 2020: First crewed return
to the moon

?: First crewed mission to
Mars
Human Exploration Slide 7
Implementing the Vision



NASA Reorganization takes into
account CAIB recommendations as
well as NASA Vision directed by
the President
“Codes” eliminated and major
reorganization into “Mission
Directorates”
Exploration Systems Mission
Directorate (ESMD) headed up by
Adm. Craig Steidle (Navy, ret.) has
responsibility for implementing
Exploration aspects of the Vision
Human Exploration Slide 8
New NASA Organization
Human Exploration Slide 9
PRE-ACQUISITION
ACTIVITIES
“Spiral” Implementation Approach
Human Exploration Slide 10
Spiral 1: Five Potential Acquisitions
FY 04





FY 08
FY 06
PRE-SPIRAL
ACTIVITIES
CEV: Two Designs to PDR Followed by Downselect
ETO: Alternate Approach Incorporating Commercial Solution
CEV Launch Vehicle: Human Rated Lift
Ground System: Processing, Communications, Command &
Control
In-Space Systems: Primarily Communications
ETO
PHASE A:
STUDY
PHASE B:
DESIGN
PHASE C:
BUILD, TEST, LAUNCH
POTENTIAL COMMERCIAL SERVICE
Non Traditional Approach
STUDY
FY 14
FY 12
FY 10
DESIGN
CEV
RFP
Risk Reduction 2008 Demo
DESIGN
BUILD, TEST, LAUNCH
DESIGN
STUDY
Risk Reduction 2008 Demo
CEV LV
BAA
STUDY
DESIGN
BUILD, TEST, LAUNCH
GROUND SYSTEM
STUDY
DESIGN
BUILD, TEST
IN-SPACE SYSTEMS
STUDY
DESIGN
BUILD, TEST
Human Exploration Slide 11
OPERATE
(SOMD)
CEV Master Schedule
Human Exploration Slide 12
Near-Term Acquisition Strategy
Today
FY 04
Q3
A
FY 05
Q4
M J
J
A
Q1
S
O N
Q2
D
J
F
FY 06
Q3
M A
M J
Q4
J
A
Q1
S
O N
Q2
D
J
F
FY 07
Q3
M A
Q4
M J
J
A
Q1
S
O N
Q2
D
J
F
FY 08
Q3
M A
M J
Q4
J
A
Q1
S
O N
Q2
D
J
F
Q3
M A
M J
Q4
J
A
S
Government Requirements Development
4
2
Iteration: 1
3
CEV Level 1 Requirements
CEV Level 2
Req’s
Industry Support
RFI / Exploration Systems
Release
Center Tasks
BAA / Project Constellation Exploration & Refinement
Release Award
Exercise Option
CE&R BAA
04 PH I Release 04 Ph I Award
05 PH I Release
05 Ph I Award
04 Ph II Award
BAA
BAA
05 Ph II Award
Tech Maturation & SBIR 2004/5 Solicitation
SBIR/STTR 2004 Solicitation/ Tech Development - Repeats until 2009
Release Award Release Award
BAA
BAA/ Tech Maturation/ ASTP - Tech Development / Risk Reduction
BAA
RFP / CEV Spiral 1
Tech Development / Risk Reduction
MS B - Program Initiation
MS A
RFP Release RFP Awards
SRR
CEV RFP
CEV 2008 Demo/PDR:
Down-select to Single
Contractor & Concept PDR
SDR
2008 Demo Dev/Spiral 1 (2014 Manned Flight) Preliminary Design Contractor A
2008 Demo Dev/Spiral 1 (2014 Manned Flight) Preliminary Design Contractor B
Human Exploration Slide 13
Detailed
Design & Dev
Human
Exploration
Architectures:
How will we get there?
Human Exploration Slide 14
Human Exploration Architectures Drivers

Optimize overall number of vehicles / modules


Reuse of Lunar design for Mars missions


“Parts attract cost”
Moon as a testbed for Mars missions
Mass



Number of crew, mission duration, modularity
Propellant makes up 50 – 70% or more of mass to LEO
Examples:
 Deliver 1 kg to LEO from Earth surface needs 32 kg propellant; and from LEO to
Lunar surface and directly back to Earth surface takes additional 11-60 kg: i.e. ~40 kg
propellant for 1 kg payload
 For Mars this number becomes 65 – 75 kg propellant for 1 kg payload

Launch vehicle lift capability

Currently in the 25 mT range
Human Exploration Slide 15
HLE studies

NASA funded 11 teams to study HLE





“Concept Exploration and Refinement” (CE&R)
Initial 6-month studies just completed; option phase starting
Recommend architectures for HLE with eye towards Mars
Focus to define HLE / HME requirements on CEV
Draper / MIT team using value-driven optimization
approach

Value key to sustainability
Human Exploration Slide 16
HLE Architecture Impacts on CEV
Near Earth
MS
MS
MS
LMO
LMO
LMO
LP
LP
LP
NEO
NEO
NEO
ES
ES
ES
Transit Space
M Surface

Architecture defines primary operational modes and
environments for CEV

Destinations and mission scenarios (durations) can greatly drive
CEV functionality

Optimal CEV design balances mass and complexity with cost,
modularity, extensibility and flexibility
Human Exploration Slide 17
Initial Findings – Test Architectures

LV s can drive the architecture




No Saturn-V “one-launch” scenarios
Rendezvous and Docking clearly needed
LEO vs L1 vs LMO preference not yet
clear
CEV
HAB1
HAB4
SEM1 M Surface
SEM4
SDMc
SDM4
SAM
SLM
M Orbit
Flight 3
Flight 1
Flight 1
Flight 4
E Orbit
Flight 5
Mars missions enabled by


E Surface
Aerocapture at Mars
In Situ Resource Utilization
 Combined, these two can reduce IMLEO from
1000+ mT to ~ 600 mT

Long duration Mars missions show mass
benefit over short-stay missions


Short (60 day surface stay, 535 day total)
requires more significantly delta-V for
Earth return
Long (600 day surface stay, 930 day total)
allows extensive Mars exploration
LS
DAV
OTV
CEV
ES
Human Exploration Slide 18
Transfer trajectory and MOI mode
Example: IMLEO = f(Trajectory, technology)
HEMO = Highly Elliptical Mars Orbit
LMO = Low Mars Orbit
AC = Aerocapture
Prop = Propulsive capture
AB = Aerobraking
Prop to
HEMO
Prop to LMO
2 year free return
conjunction
Prop to HEMO,
AB to LMO
Fast conjunction
AC to LMO
Min energy
conjunction
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
IMLEO [t]
To keep IMLEO below 1000t requires:
Aerocapture, which supports both abort to orbit and free return, or
Rendezvous in a Highly Elliptical Mars Orbit (HEMO), which
supports abort to orbit, but not free return
Human Exploration Slide 19
GN&C Challenges – Initial Assessment

Lunar South Pole – Far Side missions





Real-time downlink for all critical events
comm satellite
Limits on module mass constrains landed mass
Long duration stays need multiple landings
Pinpoint landing accuracy (~10s of m) simplifies surface ops
Crewed Mars Missions

Real-time downlink of critical events problematic
 20+ minute round-trip light time depending on planetary alignments

“Anytime Abort” not possible
 Alternate crew safety scenarios must be found

Pinpoint landing of extremely large masses unsolved as yet
 Landings to date 100 km accurate; ~1 mT or less
 May need <100m accuracy; 10+ mT
 Atmospheric uncertainties major design driver
Human Exploration Slide 20
Fortune Favors the Bold
Human Exploration Slide 21
Backup Charts and Reference Material
Human Exploration Slide 22
Acknowledgement

Work presented in this package was conducted under
a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.
Human Exploration Slide 23
Bibliography / Reference Material
Presidential Policy Direction:
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040114-1.html

Vision for Exploration:
http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/55583main_vision_space_exploration2.pdf

Office of Exploration Systems General Overview
http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/56249main_codeT.pdf

Human Exploration Slide 24
Graphics and Images: Credits












Cover slide: NASA Apollo 15 photo: Astronaut Jim Irwin sets up the first Lunar Roving Vehicle. NASA ID
AS15-86-11603.
Slide 2: Exploration Systems Mission Directorate logo; available at
http://www.projectconstellation.us/news/archives/2004/05/12/new_logo_for_nasas_exploration_office
Slide 4: Cover art for the NASA Vision for Space Exploration document; available at
http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/55583main_vision_space_exploration2.pdf
Slide 5: Montage of Exploration vehicle and mission concepts; cover art from NASA briefing “New Space
Exploration Vision”, Jan. 16, 2004; image available electronically at
http://www.nsstc.org/newsletter/04_a/images/nasa_vision.jpg
Slides 6&7: Exploration schedule roadmap; from the NASA Vision for Space Exploration document;
available at http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/55583main_vision_space_exploration2.pdf
Slide 8: Cover art for the NASA Exploration Systems Interim Strategy document; available at
http://www.exploration.nasa.gov/
Slide 9: NASA organization chart; available at http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/61295main_org_chart_20040804.pdf
Slides 10 & 11: Definition of Exploration “spirals;” from “Spiral 1 Acquisition Strategy,” November, 2004;
available at http://www.exploration.nasa.gov/documents/cev_rfp_schedule1.ppt
Slides 12 & 13: CEV master schedule and near-term acquisition strategy; from Pre-Proposal Conference,
Human and Robotic Technology Broad Agency Announcement, July 2004; available at
http://www.exploration.nasa.gov/documents/hrt_industry_day_29july04.ppt
Slide 14: NASA concept artwork by Pat Rawlings, SAIC; available at
http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/images/radiation/DistantShores3.jpg
Slide 17, 18, 19: Graphic generated by Draper-MIT Concept Exploration and Refinement Study Team, 2004.
Slide 21: Cover art for numerous NASA presentations, including “Spiral 1 Acquisition Strategy,” November,
2004; available at http://www.exploration.nasa.gov/documents/cev_rfp_schedule1.ppt
Human Exploration Slide 25
Excerpts from Jan. 2004 Speech
Bringing the Vision to Reality
The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration will be responsible for the plans, programs, and
activities required to implement this vision, in coordination with other agencies, as deemed appropriate. The Administrator
will plan and implement an integrated, long-term robotic and human exploration program structured with measurable
milestones and executed on the basis of available resources, accumulated experience, and technology readiness.
To implement this vision, the Administrator will conduct the following activities and take other actions as required:
A. Exploration Activities in Low Earth Orbit
Space Shuttle
• Return the Space Shuttle to flight as soon as practical, based on the recommendations of the Columbia
Accident Investigation Board;
• Focus use of the Space Shuttle to complete assembly of the International Space Station; and
• Retire the Space Shuttle as soon as assembly of the International Space Station is completed, planned for the end of this
decade;
International Space Station
• Complete assembly of the International Space Station, including the U.S. components that support
U.S. space exploration goals and those provided by foreign partners, planned for the end of this
decade;
• Focus U.S. research and use of the International Space Station on supporting space exploration goals,
with emphasis on understanding how the space environment affects astronaut health and capabilities
and developing countermeasures; and
• Conduct International Space Station activities in a manner consistent with U.S. obligations contained
in the agreements between the United States and other partners in the International Space Station.
B. Space Exploration Beyond Low Earth Orbit
The Moon
• Undertake lunar exploration activities to enable sustained human and robotic exploration of Mars and
more distant destinations in the solar system;
• Starting no later than 2008, initiate a series of robotic missions to the Moon to prepare for and support
future human exploration activities;
• Conduct the first extended human expedition to the lunar surface as early as 2015, but no later than
the year 2020; and
• Use lunar exploration activities to further science, and to develop and test new approaches,
technologies, and systems, including use of lunar and other space resources, to support sustained
human space exploration to Mars and other destinations.
Human Exploration Slide 26
Excerpts from Jan. 2004 Speech (cont)
Mars and Other Destinations
• Conduct robotic exploration of Mars to search for evidence of life, to understand the history of the
solar system, and to prepare for future human exploration;
• Conduct robotic exploration across the solar system for scientific purposes and to support human
exploration. In particular, explore Jupiter’s moons, asteroids and other bodies to search for evidence
of life, to understand the history of the solar system, and to search for resources;
• Conduct advanced telescope searches for Earth-like planets and habitable environments around other
stars;
• Develop and demonstrate power generation, propulsion, life support, and other key capabilities
required to support more distant, more capable, and/or longer duration human and robotic exploration
of Mars and other destinations; and
• Conduct human expeditions to Mars after acquiring adequate knowledge about the planet using
robotic missions and after successfully demonstrating sustained human exploration missions to the
Moon.
C. Space Transportation Capabilities Supporting Exploration
• Develop a new crew exploration vehicle to provide crew transportation for missions beyond low Earth
orbit;
« Conduct the initial test flight before the end of this decade in order to provide an operational
capability to support human exploration missions no later than 2014;
• Separate to the maximum practical extent crew from cargo transportation to the International Space
Station and for launching exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit;
« Acquire cargo transportation as soon as practical and affordable to support missions to and from
the International Space Station; and
« Acquire crew transportation to and from the International Space Station, as required, after the
Space Shuttle is retired from service.
D. International and Commercial Participation
• Pursue opportunities for international participation to support U.S. space exploration goals; and
• Pursue commercial opportunities for providing transportation and other services supporting the
International Space Station and exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit.
Human Exploration Slide 27
Acronyms and Abbreviations





















AB
Aerobraking
AC
Aerocapture
ASTP Advanced Space Technology Program
BAA Broad Agency Announcement
CAIB Columbia Accident Investigation Board
CE&R Concept Exploration & Refinement
CEV
Crew Exploration Vehicle
ES
Earth Surface
ESMD Exploration Systems Mission Directorate
ESRT Exploration Systems Research and
Technology
ETO
Earth to Orbit
FY
Fiscal Year
HEMO Highly Elliptical Mars Orbit
HLE
Human Lunar Exploration
HME Human Mars Exploration
HSRT Human Systems Research and Technology
IMLEO Initial Mass to LEO
ISS
International Space Station
JIMO Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
L1
LaGrange Point number 1
LEO
Low Earth Orbit



















LMO Low Mars Orbit / Low Moon Orbit
LP
LaGrange Point
LV
Launch Vehicle
MIT
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MS
Milestone; Mars Surface; Surface of planet
“M”
mT
Metric Ton
NASA National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
NEO Near Earth Orbit
PDR Preliminary Design Review
PNST Prometheus Nuclear Systems Technology
Prop Propulsive Capture
Q&A Questions and Answers
RFI
Request for Information
RFP
Request for Proposal
SAE
Society of Automotive Engineers
SDR System Design Review
SOMD Space Operations Mission Directorate
SRR System Requirements Review
STS
Space Transportation System (Space
Shuttle)
Human Exploration Slide 28