Transcript STUDY ON HARNESSING METHOD AND DRAFT PERFORMANCE …
STUDY ON HARNESSING METHOD AND DRAFT PERFORMANCE OF A DONKEY BAMRC
Study on Harnessing Method & Draft Performance of a Donkey BAMRC
Potential Outcomes
• • • • • Baseline of donkey criteria More effective harness Effective use of donkey power Matching of implements More animal power
INTRODUCTION
Ethiopia has the second largest donkey population in the world, estimated to be in the range of 4-5 million.
The majority of donkeys are found in the high lands with the region of Shoa, Gondar, Tigray, Gojjam and Wello having the greatest numbers. There are about 27 donkeys per 100 people, which is a high density by the world standard. (Fisha. G, Alemu.G, Friew .K, Abule.E & Ketema.Y, 1997). According to the data collected from Woredas agricultural offices in Amhara region there are about 514880 donkeys which is 70.6% of the total equines in the region. (Bereau of rural development, April 2003)
…. . But, studies in several countries show that donkeys have survived draught years better than cattle. This combined with the high cost of oxen and or the effects of animal disease, has caused many farmers to turn to the donkey as an alternative power source. (ATNESA, 1997)
Background
Ethiopia has the second largest donkey population in the world
estimated at 4-5 million
about 27 donkeys/100 people
In Amhara region there are about 525,000
…Since
donkeys survive draught better than cattle
high cost of oxen
effects of animal disease
Many farmers are using donkeys
… CONT
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…..In addition according to studies conducted in 56 (fifty six) Woredas of the region about 28.5 % of the rural household with in the surveyed areas were not endowed with ox. This figure clearly shows that food crop production, whether they used improved crop technology or not seriously affected due to lack of draught power meaning-delayed cultivation, seed bed preparation and threshing in this areas.
Therefore the regional government and other organizations that are involved in agricultural development need to solve farmers’ draught power shortage. (Bureau of rural development, 2003)
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Studies conducted in 56 (fifty six) Woredas
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28.5 % of the rural household with in the surveyed areas were not endowed with ox.
Food crop production, whether they used improved crop technology or not seriously affected due to lack of draught power meaning-delayed cultivation, seed bed preparation and threshing in this areas Therefore need to solve farmers’ draught power shortage.
General objective
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Utilize Develop the available donkeys for tillage to minimize draft power shortage Specific objectives breast band and collar harness for single and paired donkey
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Measure draught performance of donkey using breast band and collar harness
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Evaluate breast band and collar harness under farmers’ circumstances
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Demonstrate the technology to extension personnel and farmers.
Harness Performance
Focus on the solutions...
Harness Performance
Materials and Methods
Activity – 1
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Assessment: Activity – 2
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Development -
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Measure the following values from randomly selected fifty donkeys, (the donkey should be at skeletal maturity i.e. at the age between 4-5 years)
Wither height Length Neck strap Breast strap Minimum width of the donkey Maximum width of the donkey Angle of ribs Hip strap Side trace
Materials and Methods Activity – 2
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Measure from randomly selected fifty donkeys, (skeletal maturity between 4-5 years)
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Wither height
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Length Neck strap Breast strap Minimum width of the donkey Maximum width of the donkey Angle of ribs Hip strap Side trace
Measurement Criteria
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Activity – 3 Testing on station A. Primary data
Weight of the donkey Working time Distance traveled Draught force Resting time Feeding condition Physiological responses of the donkey during test
Pull Meter – Measure of the total force
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Activity – 3
Physiological responses of the donkey during test
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Body temperature Heartbeat or pulse rate Breathing rate Frothing Leg coordination Tongue protrusion Excitement Inhibition of forward movement
Activity – 3 B. Secondary data
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Environmental condition of the test days
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Mean day temperature
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Relative humidity
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….CONT
The donkeys will be subjected to different levels of pulls starting from 9%of their body weight and then by increasing 3% of their body weight until they reach complete immobilization state, using the two harnesses namely breast band and collar harness alternatively at four different angles of pull, i.e. (15, 20, 25, 30`). The pull will be subjected using smooth sheet metal made loading device. The angle of pull will be adjusted using inclinometer. The donkeys will be subjected to each of the treatment for consecutive 5 hours. Treatments with better results will be replicated four times in four consecutive days.
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Dynamometer/load cell/ergo meter will be setted between the animal and the weight to be pulled and readings will be taken at every 40 minute interval. The total distance traveled by the donkey during pulling will be measured using measuring tape (multiplying the distance of a single route by the number of route in which the donkey travels). Stop watch will be used to measure the time elapsed in pulling the load.
Test Procedures
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Levels of pulls
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Start at 9% of their body weight
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Increase by 3% of their body weight Reach complete immobilization state Four angles of pull
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15, 20, 25, 30 degrees Two harnesses
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breast band
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collar harness Pull Sled will be subjected using smooth sheet metal made loading device. Angle of pull measure w/ inclinometer Subjected to each of the treatment for consecutive 5 hours Treatments with better results will be replicated four times in four consecutive days.
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Test Methodology
Dynamometer/load cell/ergo meter Measurements @ 40 minute interval Total distance traveled measured using measuring tape (multiplying the distance of a single route by the number of route in which the donkey travels) Stop watch will be used to measure the time elapsed in pulling the load.
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Demonstration
Timeline 1999-2001
5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 No Activity Assessment and data collection for construction Preparation of manufacturing drawing for breast band and collar harness Manufacturing of collar harness and breast band harness Testing draft performance of a donkey using breast band and collar harness on station Preliminary testing of prototype Refinement of work Testing site selection Testing and evaluation of prototype under the farmers circumstances Demonstration site selection Demonstration of prototype to users Data analysis and report writing 10 5 5 20 5 10 5 5 5 10 20 Unit (%) 1999-2000 Q1 Q2 5 5 10 10 Q3 10 10 5 5 Q4 Q1 Q2 2000-2001 Q3 Q4 20 5 10 5
1 10 2 15 3 35 4 25 5 20 Activity Assessment and data collection for construction Preparation of manufacturing drawing for breast band and collar harness Manufacturing of collar harness and breast band harness Testing draft performance of a donkey using breast band and collar harness on station Preliminary testing of prototype
5 5 10 20 10 1999-2000 Unit (%) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2000-2001 Q 1 Q2 Q3 Q4 5 5 10 10 10 10
Refinement of work
5 5 5
Testing site selection
5
Testing and evaluation of prototype under the farmers circumstances Demonstration site selection
20 5
Demonstration of prototype to users
10
Data analysis and report writing
5 20 5 10 1 1 3
Activity 1 2 3 4 5 Assessment and data collection for construction Preparation of manufacturing drawing for breast band and collar harness Manufacturing of collar harness and breast band harness Testing draft performance of a donkey using breast band and collar harness on station Preliminary testing of prototype
5 1999-2000 Unit (%) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2000-2001 Q 1 Q2 Q3 Q4 5 5 10 20 10 5 10 10 10 10
6 Refinement of work
5 5
Testing site selection
5 5
7 8 Testing and evaluation of prototype under the farmers circumstances Demonstration site selection
20 5
9 Demonstration of prototype to users
10
10 Data analysis and report writing
5 20 5 10 5
Total Budget – 33,000 B
# Activity 3 4 1 2 5 6 Assessment and data collection for construction Preparation of manufacturing drawing for breast band and collar harness Manufacturing of collar harness and breast band harness Testing draft performance of a donkey using breast band and collar harness on station Preliminary testing of prototype Refinement of work Testing site selection 7 8 9 10 Testing and evaluation of prototype under the farmers circumstances Demonstration site selection Demonstration of prototype to users Data analysis and report writing
Funding 0 5,000 B 5,000 B 5,000 B 3,000 B 1,000 B 1,000 B 2,000 B 3,000 B
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Beneficiaries; Farmers Executing agency; ARARI Implementing agency; BAMRC Locations: Adet, Debretabor, Metema Project duration; 2 years Initiator; BAMRC Person responsible; Solomon.T, Dr Hailu Mazengiya, G/selassie S. Budget; 33,000Birr Budget source; governmental
Impacts
• • • • • Baseline of donkey criteria More effective harness Effective use of donkey power Matching of implements More animal power
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References ATNESA donkey workshop on improving donkey utilization and management Debre Zeit ,1997 Ethiopia Fisha. G, Alemu.G, Friew .K, Abule.E & Ketema.Y, donkey utilization and management in Ethiopia CTA, Wagenningen,1997,the Netherlands F M Inns ,R M Shetto and S Mkomwa a lightweight swing plow
for a single donkey: design, operations and the harness
,ministry of agriculture training and research institute ,Uyole, Mabeya,1997,Tanzania Henk J Dibbits, harnessing guidelines for single donkey cart CTA, Wagenningen,1997,the Netherlands Paul Starkey, harnessing and implements for animal traction : an animal traction resource book for Africa Lengeric Herhandelsdruckerei, Lengerich, 1989 Federal Republic of Germany The Federal Republic of Ethiopia Amhara National Regional State, Rural Household Eco-Economic Baseline Survey of 56
Woredas in the Region, Volume VIII Livestock Production
Bureau of Rural Development, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia ACTION PLAN G:\Action plan.doc