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Internet Governance:
Landscape
2013. 01. 11
Compiled by Dongman Lee
KAIST
TOC
• Internet history
• What is Internet Governance
• ICANN: past, present, and challenges
• ICANN and ITU
• Korean Internet Governance
• Remarks
History of Internet
• http://www.isoc.org/internet/history
Players of the Internet
IAB
IGF
Domain Names
• RFC 1591
Root Zone Management
• DoC NTIA - ultimate owner
– Managed by IANA
– Operated by ICANN (RSSAC)
– Maintained by Verisign
RIR
• IAN) -> RIRs -> ISPs & end-users
• Number Resource Organization (NRO) ->
ASO
Internet Governance
• Wikipedia
– Internet governance is the development
and application of shared principles, norms,
rules, decision-making procedures, and
programs that shape the evolution and use
of the Internet
– Bottom-up & multi-stake holder
• Consensus-driven
• end users, experts, commercial orgs, noncommercial orgs, government, etc.
ICANN: Birth
• IAHC (International Ad Hoc Committee)
– Formed by ISOC, IAB, IANA, ITU, WIPO. and
INTA in 1996
– Released a report on gTLD-MOU in 1997
• Transition to a non-profit org
– Green paper in 1998 by Ira Magaziner
• “a reasonable and orderly transition" to a new
nonprofit organization, notionally labeled NewCo or
the new IANA
– White paper in 1998 by US DoC NTIA
• "an ad hoc coalition of professional, trade and
educational associations representing a diversity of
Internet stakeholder groups"
ICANN: Birth
• ICANN established in Oct 1998 as a
corporation under US law
• 1st meeting at LA in 1999
– Ratification of a proposed agreement
between ICANN and NSI
ICANN: Structure
ICANN: Timeline
• 2000: new gTLDs introduction
– .biz, .info, .museum, …
– Controlled expansion
– UDRP
• 2009: untie legal binding with DoC
– No direct control by DoC
– Really? … IANA
• 2012: unlimited and multilingual gTLDs
– No more strict population control
– URS & Trademark clearinghouse
– Many loopholes..
ICANN: Accountability
• ICANN’s regulatory activities
– Price setting: base price setting for DNs
– Registrar/Registry accreditation
– New public offerings: new gTLDs
– Power of enforcement: dispute resolutions
→ conflict with governments and intergovernmental organizations
IG in Korea
Academic Community Led
1986 – 1994 : Operated by KAIST
Civil society led cooperation
1994 – 1999 : Operated by NCA
Independent organization established
1999 – 2004 : Operated by KRNIC
Legislation – government takeover
2004 – 2009 : Address Law, NIDA
Government led cooperation, Role Expansion
2009 – Current : KISA
Academic Society Led
1986 – 1994 : KAIST operated
• 1986 .kr assigned
Civil
Society
• KAIST operates DNS
• 1988 Academic Network Committee
• 1993 KRNIC established
Private
Sector
Government
Sector
Civil Society Led Cooperation
1994 – 1999 : NCA Operated
Civil
Society
• ANC becomes KNC
• 1998: RFP-KR documentation Begins
Private
Sector
Government
Sector
• NCA operates DNS
Independent Organization
1999 – 2004 : KRNIC Operated
Civil
Society
• Policy: NNC, Namecom
Private
Sector
• KRNIC established, operates .kr
Government
Sector
• MIC (Ministry of Information and Communication)
overlooks KRNIC
Legislation – government
2004 – 2009 : Address Law
Civil
Society
• Members of the related councils
Private
Sector
• KRNIC becomes NIDA (National Internet
Development Agency)
Government
Sector
• NIDA reports directly to MIC
• 2008: MIC becomes KCC
Government led cooperation
2009 – 2012 : Merged KISA
Civil
Society
• Internet Governance Forum begins
• Central role in implementing kr IDN
Private
Sector
• NIDA merges with KISA (Korea Internet Security
Agency), expands
Government
Sector
• KISA reports directly to KCC
Internet Governance in Korea at
Work
Implementation of IDN ccTLD
Discussion within KISA advisory committee
Discussion within Internet Governance Forum
Government recognized the need for a multi-stakeholder model
Composed of members of former NNC, the civil society-led effort
Substantial discussion on relationship between ASCII IDN TLD,
registration policy, whois policy, reserved names, etc.
Significant influence on the implementation of .한국.
Governmental Legislation and
Participation
Makes us weary
Negative Aspects
Loss of community voice
Multistakeholder model not sustained
Positive Aspects
Government recognition of multistakeholder model
Voice of national soveignty strengthened
A New Player – UN?
• UN WSIS (2005)
– Should ICANN or U.S. gov control the
Internet?
– Freedom of expression?
– Separate funding pool for the technology
gap [digital divide] between richer and
poorer nations?
-> evolved into IGF
ITU and WCIT
• WCIT (World Conference on International
Telecommunications) 2012
– ITR revision
– Security included except ICT
– Implications
• Developed vs Developing
Remarks
• Develop Korean IG best practices
– Balance between partnership and
auditorship
• Active participation in online and offline
IG local & international activities
– KIGA IIC
– ICANN GNSO NCSG & ALAC
– ISOC
– IGF
References
www.icann.org
www.ietf.org
www.iab.org
www.w3c.org
http://www.apc.org/en/system/files/CivilSociety_ICANN.pdf
• http://www.internetgovernance.org/wordpre
ss/wp-content/uploads/ICANN-ReformEstablishing-the-Rule-of-Law.pdf
• http://www.caslon.com.au/icannprofile4.htm
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