Transcript Technology Promotion- role of ministries, Departments, and

CUTS, 14 Nov 2011, 1600-1730
Dr. Bhaskar Balakrishnan
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Technology is a crucial determinant of national
competitiveness in economic and political domains.
Mastery of technology gives a nation an edge over
its competitors.
Technology can vastly increase military strength as
well as economic strength.
Leads in technology are temporary as others try
and catch up – by various means.
IP rules serve to protect technological advances and
give benefits to the originators.
State A
Government – federal
State B
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Government – federal
Government – state, local
Government – state, local
Business Industry
Business Industry
Academia
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Academia
Political parties and groups
Political parties and groups
Trade unions and labour
Trade unions and labour
Religious groups
Religious groups
Cultural groups
Cultural groups
Youth and students
Youth and students
Women
Women
Government – federal
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Intergovernmental
organizations
Government – state, local
Informal groups of
states
Business Industry
Academia
2
Political parties and groups
Non-Governmental
organizations
Trade unions and labour
Transnational coalitions
Religious groups
Cultural groups
Youth and students
Women
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Nehru laid foundations of Indian foreign policy
Non-alignment, Non-interference in internal
affairs, cooperation with all.
Space for economic development.
End of Cold war, new environment ,
Emergence of new poles of power -USA, EU, China,
Russia.
Restricting and managing weapons of mass
destruction.
Competition for resources, energy, materials.
Global issues – terrorism, climate change,
biodiversity, financial stability, trade and
investment issues, etc.
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Power plays an important role in IR
Power arises from control over key
resources, ability to influence other players.
Power may be military – hard; or economic
and cultural – soft
Hard power implies coercion, soft power
implies persuasion.
Technology plays a key role in determining
power – hard or soft.
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Need for educated skilled human resources – to develop
technology as well as to use it effectively.
Need for strength in basic scientific research –
technology is the practical application of scientific
knowledge.
Requires mastery over hardware ( S & T knowledge and
facts) as well as software (ability to apply and innovate
and think beyond limits – the ignited mind).
S & T educational system needs to move beyond mere
imparting of hardware of knowledge and foster sense of
inquiry and creativity. This requires changes in teaching
methods.
Identify talented individuals and develop their capacities
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Developing countries – need to access, absorb,
technology to achieve competitiveness for their
products and services. Can participate in basic
research through international collaborations.
Developed countries – strong basic science
base and ability to develop new technology and
innovations. Economic problems may affect
funding for basic research.
India, China, Brazil, South Africa, Israel, etc –
have features of developing countries as well
as developed countries in Science and
Technology
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Promotion is a part of technology management.
Technology management includes – access,
incorporation in a successful business venture,
marketing and sales, controls over use.
Technology protection- IPRs, export
restrictions on sensitive equipment and
knowledge, etc.
Technology sales – clients can use technology
and produce shared benefits.
Technology is dynamic – constantly evolving –
today’s cutting edge may be obsolete
tomorrow.
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To gain access to technology for business,
defence, etc.
To sell technology to business entities or
create new ventures using technology.
To realize returns on investment.
To jointly develop technology with partners.
Where foreign entities are involved,
diplomacy has a role.
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Diffusion of technological knowledge via
reputable publications, the internet, to
reach target groups.
Direct marketing contacts at special events,
conferences, fairs, etc.
Joint ventures and investments in projects,
negotiated at business meets, techmarts,
b2b contacts.
Political leveraging –used in case of defence
related technology.
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Diplomacy is involved in dealing with foreign
entities.
Foreign entities – businesses, government
agencies, regulatory agencies.
Increasing role of private sector.
Sensitive technologies – increasing government
regulation and controls.
Prevent leakage of technology to hostile states and
entities.
Prevent competition from products from other
countries.
WTO/TRIPs agreement further strengthens
bargaining power of those who have technology.
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National entities and diplomatic missions
need to coordinate efforts in technology
management.
Accessing technology – to locate and
approach those who have it.
Exporting technology -- to locate and
approach potential buyers.
Deal with barriers to technology access or
exports, and restrictive business practices.
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Role of national entities – S&T related
ministries, R & D institutions, academic
bodies, business.
Role of Ministry of External Affairs(MEA),
Missions abroad.
Technology acquisition related issues
Technology export and sharing related issues
Proactive role, facilitatory role, or mixed
mode
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Identify knowledge gaps that need to be
filled.
Strategic planning for meeting these gaps.
Research efforts or collaborations – in house,
national or international.
Access technology from abroad, if available
Participate in international R & D
programmes.
Secure funding for R&D activities.
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Roles may differ according to the level of technology in the
host country and sending country – receiver or supplier of
technology, or both.
Develop a general science and technology profile of the
country- its strengths and weaknesses.
Evaluate potential for technology collaboration with national
entities.
Locate and develop contacts with institutions with strong
scientific and technological capacity in the host country.
Share information with national entities.
Establish contacts and obtain information on technology
restrictions mechanisms in place.
Develop policy and strategy in technology areas in the host
country, in consultation with national entities.
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Promote linkages with appropriate national entities, and
development of institutional mechanisms.
Respond to requests for information on specific technology
requests from national entities or local entities.
Facilitate visits by representatives of national entities looking
for technology collaborations.
Disseminate information on technology available from home
country to potential users in host country.
Undertake promotional and lobbying actions designed to
support achievement of objectives in technology sector.
Interact with major R & D institutions, Universities, and
Corporates in areas of science and technology.
Implementation of agreed joint programmes and activities, S
& T agreements, develop proposals for new collaborative
activities.
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Trained S & T personnel not available in
foreign ministries.
Lower priority to S & T work compared to
political, economic, cultural diplomacy.
Several possible roles – proactive (maximal),
facilitatory (minimal), or
mixed(intermediate).
Lack of linkages with home country S & T
entities.
Lack of designated nodal points for subsectoral knowledge areas.
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Indian Missions do not have a specifically defined role in
S & T, it is assumed to be a part of general economic
diplomacy.
Lack of S & T expertise in HQrs as well as in Missions.
Many of FS personnel come from science or engineering
background in recent years. Their capabilities need to
be harnessed.
Lack of capacity in MEA – personnel resources.
Very few science counselors in Indian missions abroad.
S & T wings in Germany, Russia, Japan, USA
Science counselors posted abroad need special training
to perform a diplomatic role.
Much greater coordination is needed between MEA and
S&T entities in India. Lack of a suitable forum or
platform.
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Nuclear technology - civilian and
strategic.
Missile and aerospace
technology
Chemical weapons convention
Biological weapons convention
Biotechnology, bioinformatics,
and regulatory issues
Outer Space treaties,
international space
collaboration.
Ocean space and Law of the Sea.
Antarctic Treaty and
cooperation.
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Climate change and environment
Technology control regimes
ICT, Cybercrime and IT security.
Nanotechnology and materials
science.
IPR and TRIPS related issues
Health care technology and
services
Energy sector technologies
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Efforts for complete nuclear disarmament failed
Nuclear option kept open
Nuclear programme pursued under DAE
NPT considered discriminatory- resist attempts to
impose it on India
Nuclear Technology denial regime post 1974 - the
NSG; post 1998 US & Japan economic sanctions.
Post 2005 - Indo-US nuclear deal, NSG waiver. De
facto status similar to nuclear weapons states.
Restraints on nuclear testing, separation of civil
and strategic components, international safeguards
on civil component.
No first use policy, objective of complete ban on
nuclear weapons.
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Government launched space programme.
Payloads developed indigenously
Launch system development – restrictions
under MTCR
Indigenous launch vehicle development
including cryogenic engine.
India’s missile development programmeIRBM Agni III
Brahmos supersonic cruise missile.
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Since 1993, 188 countries have signed the
CWC
Bans chemical weapons. But many such
chemicals are used in industry – eg Chlorine.
Requires controls on a wide range of dual use
chemicals which are toxic or can be used to
make toxic chemicals (precursors).
Controls include export controls, verification
and inspections, registers of chemicals, all of
which involve costs of implementation.
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Rapid growth of IT in all economic sectors,
government activities.
Emergence of Cyber crime and cyber warfare
and terrorism.
Vulnerability of critical systems.
Security of financial service systems, banks,
stock markets, etc.
Lack of a global convention to combat cyber
crime and terrorism.
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Wassenaar Arrangement – coordinates
export controls on dual use technology - 40
participating countries
US technology export controls – Bureau of
Industry and Security of Dept. of Commerce
– export licensing for sensitive goods and
technologies.
India-US agreement on end user verification
of defence and sensitive technology.
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Indian stand on patent protection – process
not product patents in pharma sector.
Indian pharma industry able to reverse
engineer and produce lower cost drugs.
Intense pressure on India to change patent
regime.
Post Uruguay round, India changed its
patent laws.
Greater awareness among all stakeholders,
tougher negotiations in Doha Round.
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Since 1972, 162 countries have signed it.
Bans bioweapons and toxins.
Many countries have declared and
destroyed their BW assets.
Lack of agreement on verification
mechanisms – US has opposed proposals
from EU and others.
Threat of terrorist groups and non state
actors getting access to such weapons and
materials.
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ICGEB project to enable developing
countries to get access to biotechnology.
Countries like Cuba, India, China have made
good progress in this field.
Many developed countries did not support
this project.
ICGEB has survived due to support from
India, Italy, and others, but full potential is
not realized due to lack of support of major
developed countries.
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Advances in biotechnology – possible to move
genes across species, modify them and even insert
artificial genes.
Has many applications in human, animal health,
agriculture, industry, environment clean up, etc.
Problems when large numbers of living modified
organisms are released into the environment.
Agri-biotech plagued with regulatory problems – Bt
Cotton, Bt-Brinjal in India
Laboratory and closed production systems using
GMOs are considered safe.
Bioethics issues – stem cells from embryos, etc.
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Ozone layer depletion led to Montreal Protocol
1987, to phase out ODS. 196 countries signed it.
Special fund to help developing countries set up.
Recognition of “common and differentiated
responsibility” of countries.
Global warming led to UNFCCC and the Kyoto
protocol, to control emissions of greenhouse
gases.
CO2 emissions reductions require major changes in
production and consumption in society, across all
sectors of the economy.
Adjustment will have impact on economic growth –
developed countries reluctant to agree to cuts,
want to shift burden onto major developing
countries like India and China despite their low per
capita emissions.
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Nanostructures – a nanometre in at least one
dimension.
Carbon nanotubes, nanoporous materials,
nanoparticles, thin films, quantum dots, etc.
Surface area increases greatly – more reactivity.
Electromagnetic and quantum effects become
important.
Many useful applications now available, many emerging.
Can revolutionize industry – small scale, scalable,
transportable, production systems.
Government funding for R & D in many countries.
Good scope for international collaboration.
Regulatory issues – large scale release of nanoparticles
into the environment.
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Examples of S&T systems in used by several
countries.
Examples of technology sharing
arrangements.
Examples of international cooperation
opportunities.
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A US study (1999) recommended creation of and S&T Adviser to
the Secretary of State, and S & T Officers in Missions abroad.
Some key functions are Advise the Chief of Mission and the country team about
significant scientific, technological, environmental and oceans
policies, programs and developments in the host country.
Provide an appropriate analysis and evaluation of these
developments and participates actively in the formulation of
policy recommendations.
Implement agreed U.S. policies in host country.
Identify scientific and technological areas of mutual interest to
both countries which are suitable for bilateral collaboration.
Analyze and evaluates the technologies involved, recommends
appropriate initiatives, and conducts necessary negotiations.
Prepare reports on significant S&T policies and developments in
host country, etc.
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Science & Technology Adviser to the Secretary of
State with 7 support staff.
Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental
and Scientific Affairs (OES), headed by Assistant
Secretary, supported by 5 senior staff.
Approximately 50 Foreign Service officers located
in embassies around the world who focus
exclusively on Environment, Science and
Technology and Health (ESTH) issues .
Engage on subjects such as, oceans and fisheries;
bilateral science cooperation; health policy;
environmental and climate change and renewable
energy, among others.
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Chief Scientific Adviser (CSA) is responsible for providing
advice to the Foreign Secretary, Ministers and officials on
science, technology and innovation.
A Science and Innovation Network (SIN) consists of around 90
staff, based in 40 British Embassies, High Commissions and
Consulates, across 25 countries around the world.
Influence Science and innovation policies of governments,
businesses and academia.
Help UK policy development through identifying good
practice internationally.
Exploit opportunities for International science and innovation
collaboration.
Reporting and advising major UK partners on opportunities
and developments in science and Innovation overseas.
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S& T collaboration is a part of Cultural Department of Foreign
Ministry.
Develops and implements bilateral executive programmes in S &
T with various countries.
Has a network of scientific and technological attachés and
experts in 20 countries - drawn from Italian research bodies and
universities.
To showcase and capitalize on the sectors of excellence and
support the advancement of Italian companies operating in
advanced technology sectors.
An electronic Science and Technology Information Network
distributes high-added-value scientific information gathered by
Science and Technology Attachés – to participating entities in
Italy, who can interact directly with the attaches on matters of
interest.
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Three innovation centers in strong, international knowledge
environments in Silicon Valley (USA), Shanghai (China) and
Munich (Germany).
Science and technology (S&T) attaché posted at each of these
centers.
Attaché provides services to Danish researchers, universities,
research institutions and innovative environments.
The overall strength of the S&T attachés is their local
presence, which is decisive to be able to set up a solid
network of key persons in the relevant research, innovation
and business environments.
Aims at strengthening the access of Danish researchers and
enterprises to world-leading knowledge centers outside
Denmark.
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CIM(Cuba) developed monoclonal antibody technology for a
variety of human health applications including head and neck
cancer treatment.
Biocon & CIM set up a JV with Cuban partner, allocated equity as
payment for technology. Technology recipient was assured of
performance by involving supplier in a JV.
JV Biocon Biopharmaceuticals set up a large scale facility in
Bangalore using Cuban technology for manufacture of several
important biologicals.
BioMab EGFR™ launched in 2006, a novel monoclonal antibody
against head and neck cancer and other cancers of epithelial
origin.
BIOMAb EGFR® is currently approved for treatment of head and
neck cancers in India; clinical trials are being conducted
worldwide to evaluate the efficacy of this molecule in various
other indications also like lung cancer, pancreatic cancer,
cervical cancer etc.
Cuban side sold out their share of equity for various reasons.
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Solar water heating technology transferred to Tata BP
Solar.
Technology supplier stipulated that products would only
be sold in South Asian region. Exports to other markets
were not permitted.
Some promising business enquiries from countries such
as the Caribbean, Africa, etc could not be pursued.
Export restrictions, pricing restrictions, etc. are
undesirable restrictive business practices (RBPs).
Technology licensing arrangements need to be carefully
negotiated by the partners concerned.
Competition law in either country can provide help
against RBPs which restrict ability to compete.
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EU’s 7 th Framework Programme for Research and Technological
Development -2007-2013 with a budget of over € 50 billion.
Supports cooperation in 10 major sectors.
Support to "frontier research" solely on the basis of scientific
excellence.
Support for researcher mobility and career development, both
for researchers inside the EU and internationally.
Strengthening research capacities.
Nuclear research and training activities.
Funding schemes - Collaborative research projects, networks of
excellence, coordination and support, individual projects,
training and career development, research fro specific groups.
India - over 90 projects involving 140 research institutions have
been selected under FP7. Under FP6(2002-2006) over 80
projects involving 100 institutions were selected.
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An important channel to access advanced knowledge and
expertise, and apply them to local problems.
Enhancing domestic scientific capabilities through the exchange
of knowledge and experience .
Access to scientific facilities that may not be available locally, for
example, large computing facilities, or 'big science' facilities.
Access to foreign sources of funding for researchers, eg FP7.
Scientific collaboration as a device to encourage regional
integration by focusing on common problems.
Useful mechanism for engaging the talents of researchers who
have migrated abroad, but still wish to stay in touch with their
country of origin.
Mutual benefits must be ensured, especially among unequal
partners.
India plays both roles - a donor and recipient in ISCs with other
countries.
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Human Genome Project – India’s participation negligible.
Large Hadron Collider project- substantial Indian
participation- mutually satisfactory economic basis worked
out – Human resources, IT services, and critical component
manufacture and supply.
ITER Project – Indian contribution about 10% of the ITER
construction cost (EU pays about 40%).Most of this will be in
the form of components made by the Indian industry and
delivered to ITER. Only a small part (~1%) will be paid in cash
to a common fund for in-cash procurements by the ITER
International Team.
India has bilateral S&T cooperation agreements with 73
countries, managed by DST
ITER PROJECT
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Framework S & T agreement.
Programmes of cooperation for specific
durations, specifying activities and partners.
Monitoring Joint Committee at official level
Each side to meet its costs on travel and other
inputs, local hospitality provided.
Each partner in an activity has to arrange its own
funds.
Lack of long term programmes and funding for
major R & D activities.
Low rate of implementation.
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Role of technology issues in India’s foreign
relations is bound to grow further.
India will be a growing producer and
consumer of technology, and participate in
more ISCs
Requires much closer collaboration between
foreign affairs and scientific & technical
establishments.
Technology dimension of foreign policy and
global issues will need to be carefully taken
into account.
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The Pervasive Role of Science, Technology, and Health in Foreign
Policy: Imperatives for the Department of State,
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9688
Science in the FCO - http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/what-wedo/working-in-partnership/working-with-stakeholdergroups/science-innovation/
Scientific and Technological cooperation- Italian Foreign ministry http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Politica_Estera/Cultura/CooperScientifi
caTecnologica/
Euro India research site http://euroindiaresearch.org/fp7_introduction.htm; also EU FP7 Site
- http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/
Dr. Bhaskar Balakrishnan
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://bbalakrishnan.110mb.com