Transcript Slide 1
Biomass & Bioenergy
Potential and Technology Claus Felby, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen
Forestry and agriculture converts solar energy, water and CO biomass
2
to
Bioenergy
Energy consumption and reserves 2005 –Gton oil Equivalent Natural gas Oil Coal Σ Fossil Biomass Consumpt.
per year 2.5
3.8
2.9
9.2
0.96
Reserves 162 156 454 772 56/year Terrestial biomass potential 2.5-11 Years left 65 41 155 84 10E9?
Full speed ahead on bioenergy industry and technology!
• Biogas has been running for more than 20 years • Biodiesel is an established industry • 1 st generation bioethanol is an established industry • 2 nd generation bioethanol in commercial scale within 5 years • New technologies for 3 gen. on the shelf But without biomass no bioenergy!
’Green’ Reaction to biofuels
Biofuels 'crime against humanity‘ UN report For environmental groups like Friends of the Earth, it's a ‘no brainer’.
BUT, -there are many ways of making biofuels!
The basic
limitation
is the available land area
Ecosystem 2008
Waste land; 0,5 Cro ps; 1,5 B io energy; 0,01 Fo rest; 4 Humans Energy Livestock P asture; 4,6 Bioenergy; 0,15 Waste land; 0,5 Crops; 1,45
2020
Fo rest lands; 1,4 Forest; 4 Pasture; 4,5 Area in Gha Forest lands; 1,4
Bioenergy carriers: Solid, liquid and gas
Solid fuels for heat & power Liquid fuels for transportation Gaseous fuels for transportation and heat & power
The biosphere is made from sugar
•Plants store solar energy as sugar •75% of plants are sugar •The sugars in plants are mainly found as polymers. To convert sugar we need monomers •Two types of sugars: •Nutritional sugars –starch and succrose •Constructional sugars – cellulose and hemicellulose
The use of bioenergy
1 ton of biomass Solid fuels Overall efficiency 65% Net area use 1
• Heat & power • CO 2
BTL Overall efficiency 45-65% Net area use 1
• Diesel • Heat & power • CO 2
Bioethanol Overall efficiency 60-65% Net area use 0.2-0.7
• Ethanol • Feed • Heat & power • CO 2
Biogas Overall efficiency 50-75% Net area use 1
• Methane • Heat & power • CO 2
What about plant oils for biodiesel?
•Easy to make (pressing) •100% compatible with existing engines •Can be used in existing infrastructures •Less harmfull particles compared to fossil diesel •But only 900 l/ha and 4 year rotation •Poor land use!
Integration of conversion technologies Biogas
Converts 40-80% of the biomass
Solid biofuel
Converts 100% of the biomass
Bioethanol
Converts 70-80% of the biomass
Feed
Bioenergy technology development Land area needed to supply the danish transport sector (figures not corrected for feed production)
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Danish agricultural area Biodiesel 1 G wheat 2 G wheat
Technology
2 G grass 3 G algea
CO 2 ranking Animal fat biodiesel Palmoil biodiesel Rape seed biodiesel
No reduction of greenhouse gases
Corn bioethanol Wheat bioethanol Straw bioethanol Biogas Biomass for heat & power 2 G sugarcane bioethanol 1 G Sugarcane bioethanol
New Energy carriers Bioenergy from algea
+ Large reduction of greenhouse gases
Why biofuels? Is it more efficient to produce heat and power?
• Difference between technical or economical efficency.
• Need for a balance between energy and food –we can’t just burn it all • 1 billion cars! A 747 on steam and batteries?
• Alternatives to biomass for heat & power: Wind, waves, nuclear, hydro etc.
• We need the technology behind liquid fuels • The optimal situation is a mix
of solid and liquid biofuels
6 to do’s in order to reach the land of milk, honey and bioenergy
1. High yield agricultural systems 2. Efficient conversion technologies 3. Technologies should conserve protein 4. Sustainable production by perennial crops 5. Mantain or increase soil carbon levels 6. Find the balance between humans, energy and livestock
There is no silver bullet technology We need:
Wind mills, fuel cells, bio hydrogen, wave power, liguid biofuels, hydro power, geothermal power, nuclear fussion and fission, solar photovoltaic cells, solar heat collectors, biomass from forests & fields, algae farms etc.....
The food and energy fields of the future: KU´s experimental farm in Tåstrup
In 2050; 50% more people and 100% more cars
?
=
Your harvest depends on your seed!
8 6
C4
4 2 0 Sugar cane Sugar beet Pot at oes Wheat Cor n
C3
Some plants are better solar collectors!
The energy field 2015
Ethanol, heat, electricity and feed Perennial grass for silage 6-7000 t ethanol pr. ha Balanced feed production both energy- and protein feed Willow for heat and power on 10% of the area Reduced leaching higher biodiversity!
To supply the danish transport sector we need 0,9 mill ha
Sugar technology for bioethanol
Two roads to bioethanol: 1
st
og 2
nd
generation
1 gen.
1 generation : Just kernels and sugar 2 generation: The whole plant 2 gen.
Basic Ethanol Proces Feed molasses Pretreatment (release of sugars)
Enzymer
Hydrolysis (breakdown to fermentable sugars) Fermentation Feed (Vinasse Distillers grain) CO 2 Destillation Ethanol
The IBUS Concept
– Energy systems integration
Surplus steam Straw Grain Wholecrop Molasse Bagasse Sugar cane Household waste High quality solid biofuel CO 2 reduction in the transport sector 170%
Bioethanol: What do you get from 1 ha?
Multiple use
2. Generation
1 ha landbrugsjord med foderhvede kan producere 3500 Feeed units 1,9 tons of ”coal” To supply the danish transport sector we need 1,6 mill ha 3600 kg Ethanol
Bioethanol: What do you get from 1 ha?
Single use
1. Generation
1 ha landbrugsjord med foderhvede kan producere 7,5 tons of ”coal”
Biodiesel from vegetable oils
Biodiesel: What do you get from 1 ha?
Biodiesel
1 ha landbrugsjord med raps kan producere 2800 Feed units 2,4 tons of ”coal” 900 kg Diesel To supply the danish transport sector we need 13 mill ha
Possibilities?
How far can agriculture and technology lead us?
Year 2032: •40-50% of out transport fuels from biomass •Balanced production of food, feed and energy •Improved energy efficiency in all sectors
Bioenergy yes or no?
Sustainability: Intensive or extensive agriculture for energy production?
•Should we reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers?
•The largest amount of energy is used for conversion, not agriculture •The technologies are under contineous development 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Fertilizers Energy in Energy out
2 gen. bioethanol output energi, sammen holdt med energiforbrug til gødning (hvede)
Do we have enough space for bioenergy?
Energy ratios – animals or energy?
Food of the Western world CHP wheat
.
.
1 gen. ethanol
.
CHP
.
2 gen. ethanol wood
70% of our agriculture is used to feed animals
Conclusions
•We need biomass for energy, materials and chemicals •Delicate balance between humans, animals and energy •20% or more of our energy supply will come from biomass •Avoid oil crops for biodiesel •Large advantages for environment, climate, biodiversity and economy if we choose the right technology 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Rape Wheat Grass