Transcript Biomass to Energy in Germany Past, Present, Future

Biomass to Energy in Germany
Past – Present – Future
an Overview
Prof. Dr. Bernd Stephan
University of Applied Science
Bremerhaven, Germany
Consumption of Primary Energy
(IEA/ BEE, Germany)
• World 84 744 TWh/year 2003
• EC 25 10 080 TWh/year 2003
• Germany 2 936 TWh/year 2005
Structure of Energy Consumption
World - EC25 – Germany (IEA/BEE-eV)
World
(2003)
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Renewables
Coal
Mineral oil
19.52
2.54
20.34
13.86
43.71
EC25
(2003)
(%)
28.8
6.43
8.57
9.05
47.15
Total (TWh/year)
87.74
10.08
Germany
(2005)
2.9
32.1
5.7
6.4
18.1
37.7
Energy Consumption Germany
2002 to 2005, BEE-eV
2002
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Renewables
Lignite
Mineral Coal
Mineral Oil
21.7
12.6
3.4
11.6
13.2
37.5
2004
%
22.4
12.6
3.6
11.4
13.4
36.4
2005
32.1
5.7
6.4
8.7
9.4
37.7
Utilization of Renewables in
Germany in 2004 (%)
Biomass solid
Biomass liquid
Biomass gaseous
Solar thermal
Geothermal
Waste
Biodiesel
Rape oil/ethanol
Hydropower
Wind energy
Photovoltaic
44.1
0.1
6.3
1.8
1.1
6.4
7.2
0.4
14.7
17.5
0.3
Primary Energy for Generating Electricity in Germany
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Lignite
Nuclear Power
Coal
Renewables
27%
27%
24%
12%
(including hydropower)
• Natural gas
• Fuel oil
9%
1%
What is meant by „Biomass“ ?
• Materials produced by metabolic activities of biological
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systems and/or products of their decomposition or
conversion
The materials are based on carbon compounds
The chemical and energetic value of those materials is
based on the carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bond
Biomass suitable for utilization must have a net heating
value
Biomass is collected and stored solar energy
Sources of Biomass
• agriculture
• residues from forestry, specific industries (e.g. furniture
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production, saw dust), food processing
solid municipal and industrial wastes
used wood e.g. from old furniture, used timber
marine systems: the oceans of our world contain much
more biomass than existing on the continents (but they
are not regarded as a source of biomass for energetic
utilization)
Biomass contributions to energy supply in
Germany: thermal energy
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Wood
Wood residues
Municipal waste
Sewage sludge
Agricultural waste
Biomass contributions to energy supply in
Germany: electrical energy
• Wood
• Biogas
• Waste incineration
• Fermentation of sewage sludge
• Biogas from industrial waste water
Biomass Conversion
• Microbial treatment
• Thermal treatment
• Chemical treatment
• Combinations
• Mechanical processes
Microbial Treatment
• Long traditions in many cultures in the field of
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food processing e.g. beer brewing, alcoholic
fermentation, preservation technologies as lactic
acid fermentation
Waste treatment in agriculture and food industry
by aerobic treatment (composting) and
anaerobic fermentation
Treatment of municipal and industrial waste
water
(Pre)Treatment of solid waste containing organic
materials
Alcoholic fermentation
Agriculture:
production of
carbohydrates
as raw material
Fermentation and
destillation: ethanol
and residues
Processing
and recycling
of residues
Aerobic Processes
Agricutural
wastes:
Traditional
method:
composting
Treatment of
solid urban
waste:
Technology
with good
prospects
Pretreatment Treatment of
of hazardous gaseous
waste
phases for
desodorizing
(e.g.
compost
filters in fish
industry)
Composting
Composting is a traditional technology in
agriculture and gardening. Today there are
processes of treatment of municipal waste which
make use of the heat of composting for drying
the solid waste before separation under
investigation. There is no significant contribution
to the enegy supply of Germany by composting
of biomass.
Composting of mixtures of municipal and organic
waste of food industry is implemented in many
cities
Anaerobic Digestion: Biogas History
• History in Germany starting with utilization of „marsh gas“ in the
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19th century: gas tight drums with an diameter of about 2 to 3
meter were placed upside down into the wet lands for gas collection
and gas utilization for cooking – similar to the Indian Gabor Gas
plant
Around 1920 trucks of public services were operated with
compressed biogas from digestion of sewage sludge – in the fifties
of the 20th century this was given up due to low cost mineral oil
In the fifties of last century some farmers build biogas plants for the
treatment of aninmal wastes – the technology was based on
different principles and processes
The oil price crisis in the seventies stimulated broad activities on the
research and implementation side of agricultural biogas plants and
resulted in optimized plant design and process performance. About
200 plants were bulit and operated at that time, but could not
compete with the market prices for gas or liquid hydrocarbons.
The energy policy of German Federal Government now subsidies the
utilization of renewables – as a result the market for big biogas
plant goes up (most of them are connected to cogeneration plants)
Potential of Biogas
• Animal excreta
• Vegetable residues from
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4.5
agriculture
3.0-5.3
Wastes from Industry
0.3-0.6
Waste from parks and gardens
0.3-0.6
Organic municipal waste
0.6
Energy crops
3.7
TOTAL
12.7-15.3
(billion m3/a)
Potential of
total (PJ/year) electric. (TWh/a)
96.5
7.2
65-113
6.4-12.2
4.9-8.5
0.5-0.9
6.4-12.2
12.5
78.7
265.1-324.9
0.4-0.8
0.9
5.9
19.8-24.2
Thermal and Chemical Processes
• Combustion
• Pyrolysis
• Chemical Prozesses: hydrogenation,
transesterification
• Process combinations (e.g. the ChorenProcess: BTL „biomass to liquid“)
Mechanical Processes
• Filtering
• Dewatering
• Sedimetation
• Chopping/Cutting
• Pelletising
Main ressources for energetic
utilization – now and in future
• Organic residues from agriculture, agro industries, waste
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water treatment, kitchens and restaurants
Energy crops including oil seeds
Wood and wood residues
Municipal solid waste (waste incineration)
Conversion Technologies – state of the art
• Biogas
• Incineration
• Pyrolysis
• BTL (Biomass to liquid)
Biogas Plants
Collection
and
pretreatment
Fermentaion
Gas and slurry
utilization
Biogas Production process: the main steps
• Collection and (pre)treatment
• Producing a slurry with balanced composition (e.g.
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water-content, total organic solids. C/N ratio)
Feeding of reactor with constant rate
Keeping fermenter at nearly constant temperature of
about 33o Centigrade
Mixing of substrate during fermentation
Gas collection, purification, utilization (heat and
electricity)
Collection and utilization of fermented slurry e.g as high
value organic fertilizerer
Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge
Sewage sludge is fermented and used to
cover the energy demand of the waste
water treatment plants. By doing this those
plants need no external energy. The biogas
is used for cogeneration of heat for the
digesters an electricity for the aerobic waste
water purification process (energy for
pumping and aeration of the waste water).
Wood Incineration units
• Normally chopped wood or chopped woodv
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residues are used as feeding materials for large
cogeneration plants
For the heating of households pelletised
materials are available. By using them the
incineration process can be operated
automatically. The cost for the pelletized wood in
relation to mineral oil come to about 2/3
Wood Incineration Plants
- practical examples -
200kW-Plant for heat production
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Feed: chopped from forestry, 50 kg/h
Density of feed material: 0.25 kg/liter
Efficiency:0.85
1600 hours of operation per year
Feed need per year: 380 m3
Storage capacity for 2-3 weeks: 40 m3
19.5 MW – Plant for gerating heat and
electricity
• Input „fresh“ and old wood chops, 5.33 t/h max
• Steam production: 25.5 t/h at 47 bar/430 oC),
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steam outlet from turbine: 2.2 bar/126 oC
Operation 8000 hours per year
Energy output electrical from 3.8 to 5.1 MW
depending on heat delivery for the households
Energy output thermal: maximum 10 MW
Wood – a big potential of the forests
• In Germany there are growing about 60 millions
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of m3 wood per year, that can be harvested
Thats is an energtic equivalent of about 1.5
TWh/a
Compared to the actual energy consumtion of
Germany this is a potential of 50%
Actual energetic utilization of wood comes to
0.09 TWh/a
Market prices for selected materials
-current prices•
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Wood chops
Wood pellets (dry)
Wood, fresh
Biodiesel based on rape oil
• Wheat
• Mineral oil
50€ per 1000kg
200€ per 1000kg
50-80 € per m3
0.95 € per Liter
100 € per 1000kg
650 € per 1000 Liters
Energy content of wood based substrates
average data
water content
calorific value
oil equivalent
(%)
(kWh/kg )
L oil/m3
Pieces
20
4
165
Pellets
10
5
325
Chops
20
4
100
Saw dust
40
2.6
70
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Wheat
15
4
400 L/1000 kg
Biomass as fuel, biomass to fuel
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1
2
3
4
5
Vegetable oil, fresh and used
Modified vegetable oil, biodiesel
Bioethanol
Biogas
Synthetic fuels
Implementation Biofuels
1 to 4:
proven technology of production and
application
5: Under intense investgation with great
potential: „sun fuel“, „BTL, Biomass to
Liquid“
Biomas To Liquid: SunFuel
(Choren)
• Modified „Fischer-Tropsch“ process: gasification
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of substrates at 400 to 500oC with lack of
oxygen, further oxidation above ash melting
point, mixingof resulting gas mixture with solid
carbon residues to produce a raw gas for furher
specific synthesis (similar Fischer-Tropsch)
15 000 ton/year pilot plant is under operation
Cooperation with Shell, based on Gas to Liquid
process, operated in Malaysia
Potential for SunFuel from…
(million tons per year)
• Forestry
• Unused straw
• Energy crops
2.5
4.0
3 to 6
• Biomass available total
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(Germany)
EU 25
30
115
Fuel Consumption (million tons per year)
• 2005
• 2020 (exp)
50
44
2005 Biodiesel (est.)
2020 Biodiesel (exp.)
1.4
11.1
Example of Research Plant
Flash Pyrolysis
Explanation of components „flash pyrolysis“
1 Storage
2,3 Feeding system
4 Fluidzed bed
5 Dust separator
6 Heat exchanger
7 Cooling
8 Electrostatic filter
9 Flare
10 Compressor
11,12 Gas preheater
13 Overflow tank
Öl: oil, liquid fuel
From: Dr. D. Meier, Inst. Für Holzchemie u. chem. Technologie des Holzes, June 2004
Future
The future development will be based on
increasing production of energy crops, optimized
utilization of organic residues and on thermalchemical treatment of organic matter to produce
gaseous and liquid fuels.
There are lot of estimations for future
contributions of biomass to energy supply, they
will come to at least 20 or 30 percent until 2020.