Transcript Juan Diego
Mexican Independence From New Spain to the First Mexican Republic Mexican Independence - September 16, 1810 (Below: Flag of the 1st Mexican Republic) Chronology 1808 – Napoleon invades Iberia (Political vacuum in Spanish empire) 1810 – Grito de Dolores 1811 – Father Miguel Hidalgo captured excommunicated & executed 1812 - Spanish Constitution Invoked 1813 – Father José María Morelos & Congreso de Chilpancingo – Independence declared 1815 – Morelos captured & executed 1820 - Liberal Revolution in Spain – Rafael de Reigo Revolt 1821 – Plan de Iguala (Three Guarantees) 1822-23 – Agustín Iturbide 1st Emperor of Mexico 1824 Mexican Constitution and the 1st republic Key Terms Grito de Dolores • Spanish Constitution of 1812 • Chilpancingo • Plan de Iguala • Army of Three Guarantees • Treaty of Córdoba •1st Mexican Empire, 1821-1823 •Criollo •Peninsular • Success and failure of Objectives will distinguish rebellion from revolution. • • • • • • Better Government Independence Monarchy Republic Opportunity Status quo How did the following factors influence the course of independence? Race Class Regionalism Political Ideology Personal Ambition European Politics Trends contributing to Independence movement: Criollo vs. Peninsular rivalry The Enlightenment Bourbon Reforms French occupation of Spain Demand for Local Autonomy Casta Unrest Revolutionary Leadership What is the role and responsibility of leadership? What were the differences in their visions for the future of Mexico? What were their common aspirations? How and why did they differ in their vision for Mexico's future? • Who benefits from Independence? • Who does not benefit from Independence? Primary Actors Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Ignacio Allende-Captain Spanish Army Josefina Dominguez (La Corregidora) – Wife of a royal public official Father José María Morelos Agustín Iturbide-Colonel Spanish Army Guadalupe Victoria-Insurgent Spanish Empire Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla • Parish priest in Dolores, Guanajuato. • Criollo • Sympathetic to the rural masses. • Throughout his parish discussed contemporary social & economic concerns for Castas, Indigenous, and Criollos. El Grito de Dolores A mural by Juan O'Gorman depicts Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's call to revolt against Spain on Sept. 16, 1810. La Virgen de Guadalupe • The symbol of the Virgen de Guadalupe reinforced Father Hidalgo's religious appeal as a prophet who would save the castas. • Father Hidalgo perceived as a millenarian figure. Juan Diego Basilica de la Virgen de Guadalupe Tepeyac Hill Shrine at Tepeyac Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez • Educated Criolloa married to a government official, Miguel Dominguez • Part of Father Hidalgo's inner circle. • Warned Father Hidalgo that their plans for revolt had been discovered by royal officials. Father José María Morelos Father José María Morelos • Much more socially conscious towards the castas. • Became a priest in 1797 and was given a poor parish primarily because of his Mestizo background. • He worked mostly in Native American communities. • After Hidalgo's execution, he became the leader of the southern insurgency. • 1813 formerly declared an independence revolt. • December 22, 1815 executed. 1813 Congress at Chilpancingo Agustín Iturbide Does history make man? Does man make history? Who is responsible for failure? Plan de Iguala February 24, 1821 The Plan de Iguala's Three Guarantees (Itrubide's Banner that won Independence for Mexico) Independence for all Mexicans Equality for Peninsulares and Criollos (not necessarily for the Indigenous populations) Catholicism as the official state religion Angel of Independence Mexico City's Paso de la Reforma Emperor Iturbide 1824-1857 1st Mexican Republic Colony of New Spain 1st Mexican Empire 1st Mexican Republic Father Miguel Hidalgo Although considered the Father of Mexican Independence: He never called for Independence, but rather for better government Military Academy