Transcript Juan Diego
Mexican Independence
From New Spain to the First Mexican
Republic
Mexican Independence - September 16, 1810
(Below: Flag of the 1st Mexican Republic)
Chronology
1808 – Napoleon invades Iberia (Political vacuum in Spanish empire)
1810 – Grito de Dolores
1811 – Father Miguel Hidalgo captured excommunicated & executed
1812 - Spanish Constitution Invoked
1813 – Father José María Morelos & Congreso de Chilpancingo –
Independence declared
1815 – Morelos captured & executed
1820 - Liberal Revolution in Spain – Rafael de Reigo Revolt
1821 – Plan de Iguala (Three Guarantees)
1822-23 – Agustín Iturbide 1st Emperor of Mexico
1824 Mexican Constitution and the 1st republic
Key Terms
Grito de Dolores
• Spanish Constitution of 1812
• Chilpancingo
• Plan de Iguala
• Army of Three Guarantees
• Treaty of Córdoba
•1st Mexican Empire, 1821-1823
•Criollo
•Peninsular
•
Success and failure of
Objectives will distinguish
rebellion from revolution.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Better Government
Independence
Monarchy
Republic
Opportunity
Status quo
How did the following factors
influence the course of
independence?
Race
Class
Regionalism
Political Ideology
Personal Ambition
European Politics
Trends contributing to Independence
movement:
Criollo vs. Peninsular rivalry
The Enlightenment
Bourbon Reforms
French occupation of Spain
Demand for Local Autonomy
Casta Unrest
Revolutionary Leadership
What is the role and responsibility of leadership?
What were the differences in their visions for the future of
Mexico?
What were their common aspirations?
How and why did they differ in their vision for Mexico's
future?
• Who benefits from Independence?
• Who does not benefit from Independence?
Primary Actors
Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Ignacio Allende-Captain Spanish Army
Josefina Dominguez (La Corregidora) – Wife of a royal
public official
Father José María Morelos
Agustín Iturbide-Colonel Spanish Army
Guadalupe Victoria-Insurgent
Spanish Empire
Father Miguel
Hidalgo y Costilla
• Parish priest in Dolores,
Guanajuato.
• Criollo
• Sympathetic to the rural masses.
• Throughout his parish discussed
contemporary social & economic
concerns for Castas, Indigenous,
and Criollos.
El Grito de Dolores
A mural by Juan O'Gorman depicts Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's call to
revolt against Spain on Sept. 16, 1810.
La Virgen de
Guadalupe
• The symbol of the Virgen de
Guadalupe reinforced Father
Hidalgo's religious appeal as a
prophet who would save the
castas.
• Father Hidalgo perceived as a
millenarian figure.
Juan Diego
Basilica de la Virgen de
Guadalupe
Tepeyac Hill
Shrine at Tepeyac
Josefa Ortiz de
Domínguez
• Educated Criolloa married to a
government official, Miguel
Dominguez
• Part of Father Hidalgo's inner
circle.
• Warned Father Hidalgo that
their plans for revolt had been
discovered by royal officials.
Father José María Morelos
Father José María Morelos
• Much more socially conscious
towards the castas.
• Became a priest in 1797 and was
given a poor parish primarily
because of his Mestizo
background.
• He worked mostly in Native
American communities.
• After Hidalgo's execution, he
became the leader of the southern
insurgency.
• 1813 formerly declared an
independence revolt.
• December 22, 1815 executed.
1813 Congress at Chilpancingo
Agustín Iturbide
Does history make man?
Does man make history?
Who is responsible for
failure?
Plan de Iguala
February 24, 1821
The Plan de Iguala's Three Guarantees
(Itrubide's Banner that won Independence for Mexico)
Independence for all
Mexicans
Equality for
Peninsulares and
Criollos (not
necessarily for the
Indigenous populations)
Catholicism as the
official state religion
Angel of
Independence
Mexico City's
Paso de la Reforma
Emperor Iturbide
1824-1857
1st Mexican Republic
Colony of New Spain
1st Mexican Empire
1st Mexican Republic
Father Miguel Hidalgo
Although considered the Father of Mexican Independence:
He never called for Independence, but rather for better government
Military Academy