Transcript Slide 1

International Multimodal Transport
I- General
II- Multimodal transport (MT) regulations
III- Process of carrying goods in MT
IV- Apply MT to ASEAN and Vietnam
1- Concepts
- Multimodal transport :
International multimodal transport of UN
Convention 1980:
“The carriage of goods by at least two
different modes of transport on the basis of
a multimodal transport contract from a place
in one country at which the goods are taken
in charge by the multimodal transport
operator to a place designated for delivery
in a different country”
- MTO (multimodal transport operator)
- MT document
- Objectives of MT: time, cost, procedure
I- General
2- MT: history
- MT: not new, it’s the mergence of
transport modes add with applying new
technology of goods «unitization»
20000
Air Transport
Scheduled Airline
(IATA)
Air Transport
Combined Sea-Air
Chartered flight via
transport
Landbridge
Hongkong
By sea : KobeBy sea : KobeSeattle
Seattle
By air: Seattle- By train : SeattleNewYorkNewYork
Amsterdam
By sea: NewYorkAmsterdam
15000
Cost
10000
5000
Sea Transport
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time
I- General
2- MT: history
- Associating with container revolution 
basic for MT’development
- Malcom Mclean – director of Sealand
Service Inc. (American)
I- General
2- MT: history
- The development of container maked the
impetus for the MT, a lot of lines have been
containerized
3- MT in all over the world
3.1- North American (NA)
- There’re 4 lines: NA-Europe; NA-Asia;
Caribbean islands-America; Great LakesCanada
- MT means lengthen seaway line (>500
miles compared with waterway)
- All large maritime transport companies
(APL) hold shares in rail sector, invest
largely in seaport, rail and terminal system
inland (Chicago, Minneapolis, Salt Lake)
- Key success: using landbridge and double
stack train.
I- General
3.1- North America
- Canada: CN (canadian nation) and CP
(canadian pacific)
- CN and CP
3- MT in all over the world
3.2- Europe
- The distance between seaport and inland place is
short (auto);
- From the end of 1960, MT inherited achievements of
railway container transport (Intercontainer, UIRR)
- MT have many kinds of road container; there have
been many different forms of MT in the sustainable
development strategy
- Siberia Railway (landbridge): started being exploited
in 1973, stopped in the end of 1980 and has turned
back recently.
3- MT in all over the world
3.3- Asia
- Development later than in America and
Europe but rather quickly with entrep«ts
seaport: Hongkong, Singapore,…
- Japan and China strongly apply: the sea lines
from Janpan to Russian coast, railway system
to European countries. China have the
management system through SINOTRANS
(join venture with DHL, UPS, FEDEX,
COSCO…)
I- General
4- Key elements of MT’s forming and
development
4.1- The development of transport technology
- Containerization (unitization)
- Progress in transport technology
- Informatic technology: EDI, transport cost,
time
I- General
4.2- container revolution:
- Transhipment more easily, reduce transport’s
time
- It’s required that container must be released
quickly at tranship points – combining the
modes in system
- Container is transformed to be suitable for
tranportation by different modes
- With respect to goods in container, difficult to
specify the place where loss occured and the
person who will be responsible for the
I- General
4.3 - The need of perfecting PD, logistics
- What is PD and logistics?
- Transport cost in this process?
 solution: MT through Hub system (figure)
A
D
B
C
I- General
4.4 - World trade’s development
- International commercial relations –
international transport
- The demand of transport goods in all over the
world
I- General
5- Effective of MT
- The only clue (through MTO)
- Delivery’ time
- Cost
- Simplify documents and procedure
- Using vehicles well
- New transport service
However, to invest largely in infrastructure!!!
II- MT regulations
1- The customs’conventions
- Important role of customs for
MT’development
- Related conventions:
+ conventions relating to transit of
landlocked countries
+ conventions relating to international
transport goods via TIR system
+ conventions concerning international
transport (has not been valid yet)
II- MT regulations
+ Customs’Convention relating to
container transport
+ International convention for simplifying
and harmonising the systems relating to
customs’ procedure (Kyoto Convention)
II- MT regulations
2 - Conventions relating directly to MT
- No international convention which is valid
- UN Convention with regard to international MT 1980,
the number of countries which approved hasn’t been
enough (10)
- The rule with regard to MT documents of
UNCTAD/ICC 1992 is applied freely
3 - Conventions adjusting other modes of transport
- Conventions adjusting BL and seaway transport:
Hague, Hague-Visby, Hamburg
- CMR, clause 2: apply for road-sea, road-rail
- CIM/COTIF, clause 1
- Warsaw Convention , clause 31
III- Process of carrying goods by MT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
MT chain
Combinations for MT
Documents in MT
MTO
MTO’s responsibilities
Complain to MTO
1- MT chain
- A lot of people concerning in this chain:
shipper; carrier; forwarder; agent;
warehouse…
- The elements of this chain: goods’ units
(container, pallet, swap-bodies, EILU,…),
modes of transport
International goods transport chain
2- Combinations of MT (figure)
2.1- Combination with air transport
- air-sea transport: take full advantage of
speediness of air transport and cheap
carriage of sea transport (optimize sea
transport in short lines, eg: Vietnam –
Hongkong- America); Air Canada – the first
firm which operated such voyage from Japan
– Europe to Vancouver
Hub air-sea: Hongkong, Singapore, Dubai,
Seatle, Los-Angeles
- Air-road transport: pick-up service
2.2- Landbridge (mini-bridge, micro-bridge)
- One of the most profound development of
integrating modes of transport
What is a landbridge transport?
It’s transport inland (by railway) which ought to
have been carried out on sea and railway
play the part of landbridge
- Effect: shorten the stretch and reduce the
time of transport
- 2 great landbridges of the world: transSiberia and trans-America railway
2.2- Landbridge (mini-bridge, micro-bridge)
• Trans-siberia lanbridge
• Landbridge of America
• Trans-siberia: connect Europe-Asia but not through
Suez (26.000km-21.000km-13.000km; 60 days40days, 1987), has developed just from 1970, carried
container connecting Parcific-Atlantuc, Baltic, there’re
various modes of combination: sea-rail-road ; sea-railsea ; sea-rail-air-road (British Euro Container
Transport Inc. applied in 1983: Japan-SiberiaLuxembourg-destination in Europe: door-door 15
days)
• Landbridge of America: the most effective one of the
world (Singapore-NY: 36 days via Panama channel,
19 days via Seatle-NY; Yokohama-Rotterdam:
23.200km-20.240km), including landbridge passing
Landbridge (mini-bridge, micro-bridge)
Landbridge (mini-bridge, micro-bridge)
2- Combinations of MT
2.3- Piggy-back
- Apply a lot in Europe, America: trailer,
swap-body,
- Combination: security of railway +
flexibility of road transport
2- Combinations of MT
2.4- inland waterway-sea
- System of LASH, BACAT, BACO,…
- Interlighter has LASH arrived in Vietnam
(1980)
- there has been LASH from Mississipi or
Western Europe
3. MT documents
"MT contract“: a contract whereby a MTO undertakes,
against payment of freight, to perform or to procure
the performance of international MT.
"MT document“: a document which evidences a MT
contract, the taking in charge of the goods by the
MTO, and an undertaking by him to deliver the goods
in accordance with the terms of that contract.
• MT document which, at the option of the consignor,
shall be in either negotiable or non-negotiable form.
• The MT document shall be signed by the MTO or by a
person having authority from him.
• The signature on the MT document: in handwriting,
printed in facsimile, perforated, stamped, in symbols,
or made by any other mechanical or electronic means
3. MT documents
They can be negotiable or non-negotiable,
can be issued in the EDI form
3. MT documents
- Negotiable MT document:
+ must be issued to order or to bearer
+note clearly the amount of original copy in
the document
- Non-negotiable document: straight
document to a named person
3. MT documents
- Content: the same with B/L, 2 sides
+general nature of cargo, marking…
+outside situation of cargo
+name and business address of MTO
+name of shipper, consignee (if any)
+place of receipt and delivery
+indicate clearly if the MT is negotiable or non-negotiable
+date anf place of issuie
+MTO or his representative’s signature
+carriage per mode of transport
+voyage schedule…
+…
3. MT documents
- Types of document:
+FBL (FIATA);
+COMBIDOC (BIMCO, used by VO-MTO);
+MULTIDOC (UN);
+B/L for combined transport or port to port
shipment
4- MTO
MTO: any person who on his own behalf or through
another person acting on his behalf concludes a
multimodal transport contract and who acts as a
principal, not as an agent or on behalf of the
consignor or of the carriers participating in the
multimodal transport operations, and who
assumes responsibility for the performance of
the contract.
4- MTO
4.1- VO-MTO (vessel operator MTO)
- Own vessels, extend activities door-to-door
service
- This type of MTO: not popular because of large
investment to ships
4- MTO
4.2- NVO-MTO
- Carrier who convey by other means (they
are usually auto, rarely airplane or train)
or other services also trade in door-todoor transport service
- There’re 2 types: trade in services such as
forwarding, agency,… and extend
activities; they are real MTO who
specialize in MT
4.3 – Criteria to become a MTO
- Financial ability: enough to compensate
for damage
- Professional ability: basic professional
knowledge
- International system of agencies and
branches
5- MTO’s responsibilities
There’s 2 systems of responsibilities:
- Network liability system: voyage with several
stages, there’s a fixed rule in each one
- Uniform liability system: using only one system
of liability throughout the voyage
Pursuant to the Convention and Rules of
UNCTAD/ICC1992, the uniform liability system is
applied
5.1- The basis of liability
• MTO: liable for loss resulting from loss or damage to
the goods, as well as from delay in delivery, if the
occurrence which caused the loss, damage or delay
in delivery took place while the goods were in his
charge, unless the MTO proves that he, his servants
or agents or any other person referred took all
measures that could reasonably be required to avoid
the occurrence and its consequences.
• Delay in delivery: when the goods have not been
delivered within the time expressly agreed upon or,
in the absence of such agreement, within the time
which it would be reasonable to require of a diligent
MTO, having regard to the circumstances of the
case.
5.1- The basis of liability
• If the goods have not been delivered within 90
consecutive days following the date of delivery
determined:  the claimant may treat the goods
as lost.
- Delay in delivery: 90 consecutive days following
the date of delivery determined
- Arcording to the Rules, there’re some exemption
from liability: act, neglect or default of the
master, mariner, pilot, or the servants of the
carrier in the navigation or in the management of
the ship; Fire, unless caused by the actual fault
or privity of the carrier
5.2- Period of responsibility
The responsibility of the multimodal transport
operator for the goods under this Convention
covers the period from the time he takes the
goods in his charge to the time of their delivery.
 Define what receive and delivery is?
5.3- Limitation of liability
5.3.1- UN Convention:
920 SDR/package
2.75 SDR/kg
 Number of package where a container, pallet or
similar article of transport is used to consolidate
goods?
- No sea and waterway: 8.33 SDR/kg
- Delay: 2.5 times the freight payable for the
goods delayed, but not exceeding the total
freight payable under the MT contract
5.3.2- Arcording to UNCTAD/ICC Rules 1992 :
• 2 SDR/kg
• 666.67 SDR/package or unit of cargo
• 8.33 SDR/kg if no carriage by sea/water
6. Claim to MTO
6.1. UN Convention:
Unless notice of loss or damage, specifying the
general nature of such loss or damage, is given
in writing by the consignee to the MTO not later
than the working day after the day when the
goods were handed over to the consignee, such
handing over is prima facie evidence of the
delivery by the MTO of the goods as described
in the MT document.
6.1. UN Convention:
•
•
Where the loss or damage is not apparent,
notice in writing: 6 consecutive days
If the state of the goods at the time they were
handed over to the consignee has been the
subject of a joint survey or inspection by the
parties or their authorised representatives at the
place of delivery: no notice in writing
6.1. UN Convention:
•
No compensation: unless notice has been given
in writing to the MTO within 60 consecutive
days
• Time bar: 2 years and it may be extended
6.2. UNCTAD/ICC Rules:
Unless notice of loss or damage, specifying the
general nature of such loss or damage, is given
in writing by the consignee to the MTO, such
handing over is prima facie evidence of the
delivery by the MTO of the goods as described
in the MT document.
6.2. UNCTAD/ICC Rules
•
Where the loss or damage is not apparent,
notice in writing has to be given within 6
consecutive days after the day when the goods
were handed over to the consignee.
- Time bar: 9 months