Transcript SIGNALISED INTERSECTIONS - Petra Christian University

URBAN ROADS
Scope of Urban Roads
• Urban/Suburban Road Segments 
continuous permanent development along
all or almost of its length, on at least one
side of the road. Population at least
100.000
• Interurban Road Segments  without
continuous development on either side,
such as restaurants, factories, or villages.
Scope of Urban Roads
• Urban Road Types
– Two-lane two-way roads (2/2 UD)
– Four-lane two-way roads
• Undivided (i.e. no median) (4/2 UD)
• Divided (i.e. with median) (4/2 D)
– Six-lane two-way divide roads (6/2 D)
– One-way roads (1-3/1)
Scope of Urban Roads
• Conditions:
• Flat or essentially flat alignment
• Straight or essentially straight horizontal
alignment
• On segments of roads which are not
affected by queuing caused by
intersections, nor by severe platooning
downstream form signalised intersections
Scope of Urban Roads
• Road Segments:
• Between and unaffected by signalised or
major unsignalised intersections, and
• Having similar characteristics along its
length.
Objective of Urban Roads
• Design of urban roads should be selected
with the aim to ensure that degree of
saturation does not exceed an acceptable
value (normally 0,75)
Traffic Safety Considerations
• Widening of the lane decreases the
accident rates between 2-15% per meter
widening (the high number refers to
narrow roads).
• Widening and improvement of shoulder
surface conditions improves traffic safety,
although to a smaller degree than lane
widening
Traffic Safety Considerations
• A median reduces the accident rate with
30%
• Median barriers (used when the space is
insufficient to make a full median) reduce
fatal and severe injury accidents with 1030%, but increase damage only accidents.
Urban Roads Performance Indicator
•
•
•
•
Degree of Saturation (≤ 0,75)
Level of Service (A – F)
Average Speed
Travel Time
Level of Service
Based on Average Speed
Kelas Arteri
Kecepatan
(km/jam)
LOS
A
B
C
D
E
F
I
II
III
72 - 56
56 - 48
56 – 40
Kecepatan Rata-rata (km/jam)
≥ 56
≥ 48
≥ 40
≥ 45
≥ 38
≥ 31
≥ 35
≥ 29
≥ 21
≥ 28
≥ 23
≥ 15
≥ 21
≥ 16
≥ 11
 21
 16
 11
STEP A-1: General Data
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Date (day, month, year) and Handled by
Province
City name
City size (number of inhabitants)
Link number/road name
Segment between … or …
Segment code
Area type (COM, RES, RA/Frontage Road)
Length of segments
Road type (4/2 D, 4/2 UD, 2/2 UD, 2/1)
Time period
Case number
STEP A-2: Geometric Conditions
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Compass arrow showing North
Km-posts
Sketch of the horizontal alignment
Arrows identifying Direction 1 (North or Eastbound) and Direction 2 (South or West-bound)
Names of the places
Major buildings
Intersections and entries/exits
Pavement markings
STEP A-3: Traffic Conditions
Default values for traffic composition
City size
LV%
HV%
MC%
 0,1 M.Inh
45
10
45
0,1 –  0,5 M.Inh
45
10
45
0,5 –  1,0 M.Inh
53
9
38
1,0 –  3,0 M.Inh
60
8
32
 3,0 M.Inh
69
7
24
STEP A-3: Traffic Conditions
pce
Road type:
Undivided
roads
Traffic flow
total both
directions
(veh/h)
Two-lane
0 – <1.800
undivided (2/2
 1.800
UD)
Four-lane
0 – <3.700
undivided (4/2
 3.700
UD)
MC
HV
Carriageway
width Wc (m)
6
>6
1,3
0,50
0,40
1,2
0,35
0,25
1,3
0,40
1,2
0,25
STEP A-3: Traffic Conditions
Road types: One-way Traffic flow
roads and Divided
per lane
roads
(veh/h)
HV
MC
Two-lane one-way
(2/1) and Four lane
divided (4/2 D)
0 – <1.050
1,3
0,40
 1.050
1,2
0,25
Three-lane one-way
(3/1)
and Six-lane divided
(6/2 D)
0–<
1.100
1,3
0,40
 1.100
1,2
0,25
pce
STEP A-4: Side Friction
• Number of pedestrians passing along or
crossing the road segment (0,5) /h,200m
• Number of stopping vehicles and parking
maneuvers (1,0) /h,200m
• Number of motor vehicle entries and exists
to/from roadside properties and side roads (0,7)
/h,200m
• Flow of slow-moving vehicles (bicycles, tricycles,
horse-charts, oxcarts, tractors, etc. (0,4) /h
Road Side Friction
Road Side Friction
Road Side Friction
Road Side Friction
STEP A-4: Side Friction
Side
friction
class
Code
Weighted number of events per
200 m per hour (both sides)
Typical conditions
Very low
VL
< 100
RES, frontage road
Low
L
100 – 299
RES, public
transport
Medium
M
300 – 499
Industrial are +
roadside shops
High
H
500 – 899
COM + high
roadside activity
Very High
VH
≥ 900
COM with roadside
market activities
STEP B-1: Analysis
of Free-flow Speed
FV  FV0  FVW  FFVSF  FFVCS
• FV  free-flow speed for LV at actual conditions
(kph)
• FV0  Base free-flow speed for light vehicles
(kph)
• FVW Adjustment for effective carriageway
width (km/h)
• FFVSF  Adjustment factor for side friction
conditions
• FFVCS  Adjustment factor for city size
STEP B-1: Analysis
of Free-flow Speed
Base free-flow speed FV0 (kph)
Road type
LV
HV
MC
All
(mean)
Six-lane divided (6/2 D) or Threelane one-way (3/1)
61
52
48
57
Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or Twolane one-way (2/1)
57
50
47
55
Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)
53
46
43
51
Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)
44
40
40
42
STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment
FVW for Carriageway Width [Table B-2:1]
• Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road
• FVW = 8 WC – 28
• Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)
• FVW = 8 WC – 28
• Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)
• FVW = -0,0285 WC 6 + 1,3687 WC 5 - 27,066 WC 4
+ 281,74 WC 3 -1628,4 WC 2 + 4959,4 WC - 6230
STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment
FVW for Carriageway Width [Table B-2:1]
• Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road, and
Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
FVw [km/h]
1.0
0.5
0.0
3.00
-0.5
3.25
3.50
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
-3.5
-4.0
Effective Carriageway Width (We) [m]
3.75
4.00
STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment
FVW for Carriageway Width [Table B-2:1]
• Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
FVw [km/h]
1.0
0.0
-1.05.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
-6.0
-7.0
-8.0
-9.0
-10.0
Effective Carriageway Width (We) [m]
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
11.00
STEP B-3: Free-flow Speed Adjustment
Factor FFVSF for Side Friction
• Road with shoulders
• Table B-3:1
• Road with kerbs
• Table B-3:2
• Adjustment factor FFVSF for six-lane roads
• FFV6SF = 1 - 0,8 x (1 - FFV4SF)
Roads with Shoulders
Roads with Kerbs
STEP B-4: Free-flow Speed Adjustment
Factor FFVCS for City Size
City Size
Inhab. (M)
FFVCS
Very Small
 0,1
0,90
Small
0,1 -  0,5
0,93
Medium
0,5 -  1,0
0,95
Large
1,0 -  3,0
1,00
Very Large
 3,0
1,03
STEP B-5: Determination of Free-flow
Speed for Actual Conditions
• Free-flow speed for light vehicles (LV)
• FV = (FV0 + FVW) x FFVSF x FFVCS
• Free-flow speed for other vehicle types
• FFV = FV0 – FV
• FVHV = FVHV0 – FFV x FVHV0/FV0
• FVHV0  Table B-1:1
STEP C-1: Base Capacity
Road Type
Base Capacity
(pcu/h)
Comment
Four-lane divided
4/2 D or One-way
road 1-3/1
1.650
Per lane
Four-lane
undivided 4/2 UD
1.500
Per lane
2.900
Total in both
directions
Two-lane undivided
2/2 UD
STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor
FCW for Carriageway Width [Table C-2:1]
• Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road
• FCW = 6,25 WC – 2,75
• Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)
• FCW = 5,424528 WC – 1,92453
• Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)
• FCW = -12.424 WC 6 + 76.838 WC 5 – 195.332
WC 4 + 260.873WC 3 -192.689WC 2 + 74.455WC –
11.715
STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor
FCW for Carriageway Width [Table C-2:1]
• Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
FCw
1.01
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
3.00
3.25
3.50
Effective Carriageway Width (We) [m]
3.75
4.00
STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor
FCW for Carriageway Width [Table C-2:1]
• Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
FCw
1.01
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
3.00
3.25
3.50
Effective Carriageway Width (We) [m]
3.75
4.00
STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor
FCW for Carriageway Width [Table C-2:1]
• Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)
1.31
1.26
1.21
1.16
1.11
1.06
FCw
1.01
0.96
0.91
0.86
0.81
0.76
0.71
0.66
0.61
0.56
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
Effective Carriageway Width (We) [m]
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
11.00
STEP C-3: Capacity Adjustment Factor
FCSP for Directional Split
Directional
50-50 55-45 60-40 65-35 70-30
split SP %-%
FCSP
Twolane
2/2
1,00
0,97
0,94
0,91
0,88
Fourlane
4/2
1,00
0,985
0,97
0,955
0,94
STEP C-4: Capacity Adjustment
Factor FCSF for Side Friction
• Road with shoulders
• Table C-4:1
• Road with kerbs
• Table C-4:2
• Adjustment factor FCSF for six-lane roads
• FC6SF = 1 - 0,8 x (1 - FC4SF)
STEP C-5: Capacity Adjustment Factor
FCCS for City Size
City Size
Inhab. (M)
FFVCS
Very Small
 0,1
0,86
Small
0,1 -  0,5
0,90
Medium
0,5 -  1,0
0,94
Large
1,0 -  3,0
1,00
Very Large
> 3,0
1,04
STEP C-6: Determination of Capacity
for Actual Condition
C  C0  FCW  FCSP  FCSF  FCCS
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•
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C  Capacity (pcu/h)
C0  Base capacity (pcu/h)
FCW  Adjustment factor for carriageway width
FCSP  Adjustment factor for directional split
FCSF  Adjustment factor for side friction
FCCS  Adjustment factor for city size
STEP D-1: Degree of Saturation
DS  Q / C
• Q  Traffic flow (pcu/h)
• Q  UR-2 (column 10 row 5 for undivided road)
• Q  UR-2 (column 10 row 3 & 4 for each
direction of travel on divided road)
• C  Capacity (pcu/h)
• C  UR-3 (column 16)
STEP D-2: Speed and Travel Time
• Determine the speed at actual traffic
• Figure D-2:1 (two-lane undivided roads)
• Figure D-2:2 (multi-lane and one-way roads)
• Enter segment length (km) in column 24 UR-3
• Calculate average travel time (hour) for Light
Vehicle
TT  L / VLV
STEP D-3: Evaluation of Traffic
Performance
• If DS > 0,75  revise calculations
QUIZ
0,50
2,50
0,50
10,50
10,50
Direction
1
2
Traffic Volume (veh/h)
LV
HV
MC
2,575
235
3,259
2,625
245
3,131
Pedestrian = 101/h
Parking, stopping vehicle = 35/h
Entry + exit vehicle = 17/h
Slow-moving vehicle = 29/h
2,50