Transcript The Post-Napoleonic Era

The Post-Napoleonic Era
Conservatism
Nationalism
Liberalism
Which shall prevail?
Post – NB European Borders
• Given
these
borders,
what do
you
anticipate
will occur
next?
What did the Congress of Vienna
desire for Europe?
• Restore ORDER & Security
– French Revolution was
bloody, messy, OOC
• Restore BALANCE OF POWER
– PEACE via
• Cooperation, Consultation
& Consent
• Restore LEGITIMATE rulers
– Return of Monarchy &
Aristocracy… traditional
society
WHY?
However, other ideas also
emerged…
• Nationalism
– The desire to have
your own nation and
not be ruled by
others
– Subjugated peoples
wanted their own
nations, no more
empires
– Freedom
– Autonomy
• Liberalism
– The desire to reform
the existing political,
economic & social
structures in order to
create greater equity
What is a “NATION”?
• A composition of people who have common
–
–
–
–
–
Language
Culture
Customs
History
Roots to a location
• Nationalists opposed the principles of the
Congress of Vienna, they desired popular
sovereignty
What does it take to have a
successful nation?
• Established national language
– Print Culture
• Shared worldview based on common
experience
• Workable economy
• Military Strength to defend itself
• Cultural Elite
– Perpetuation of the culture, language,
customs & history
Who were the LIBERALS?
What did they desire?
• Educated
• Economically stable
• Professional or
Commercial oriented
• Academics
• Excluded or limited by
previous regime
• Believed in talent &
achievement
•
•
•
•
•
Legal Equality
Religious Toleration
Constitutional gov’t
Freedom of Expression
Consent of the
governed
• Equitable economic
opportunity
Where were the “hot spots”?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ireland
Poland
Germany
Hungary
The Balkans
Italy
Greece
What were the components of
Conservatism?
• Legitimate monarchs
– Vs. Constitutions
• Landed Aristocracies
– Protection for property & privilege
• Established State Supported Churches
– Anti-Enlightenment or “new” religion
• Leadership
– K. von Metternich / Edmund Burke / Fr. Hegel
What actions did conservatives take to preserve the
status quo?
• Austria
– Dominates
German Confederation
• Prussia
– No promised reforms
– Diets ruled by Junkers
• German States
• Great Britain
– Corn Laws = tariff
– Combination Acts = no
unions
– Coercion Acts = no habeas
corpus or seditious
meetings
– Peterloo Massacre
– Six Acts = ↑gov’t power
↓ rights for dissidents
– Limited self-government
– Carlsbad Decrees end
Burschenschaften
• France
– Final Act limits free speech
– Charter = limited change
in government
– Ultra-royalist White Terror
How was conservative international order
maintained?
• Alliances
– Holy Alliance = R + Pr + A
– Quadruple Alliance = R + Pr + A + GB
• Concert of Europe
– No action w/o consent of other nations
• Congress System
– Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (aka Aachen)
• Troop withdrawal & re-admittance of France
– Congress of Troppau
• Protocol of Troppau = intervention OK to preserve regimes
– Congress of Verona = intervention in Spain
• Monroe Doctrine = GB seeks economic gain in
Latin America
The Revolutionary Wave
• The Balkans
– “Eastern Question”
• Conflict of Interest
– R & A >> Land
– F & GB >> Biz
– Christianity v. Islam
– Greece 1821
• No initial direct intervention
• 1827 Treaty of London #1… naval support, demand
independence
• Treaty of Adrianople 1829
– R intervention >> allows GB / F / R decision making
power
• 1830 Treaty of London #2 = Greek independence >> Otto I
The Revolutionary Wave
Serbia
• National Identity
– Slavic & Orthodox
– Guerilla War by Kara George
• Partial Autonomy
– Negotiated by Milos Obrenovitch
• Independence granted 1830 by Ottomans
– Territory, border & minority issues = tension
• Links to Russia
– Culture, Religion, Trade & Alliance
Latin America’s Revolutionary Wave
• Haiti
– Slave revolt
• South America
– Creole revolts
– Venezuela
– New Granada
– Rio de la Plata &
Chile
• New Spain(Mexico)
– Creole/Native revolt
• Brazil = non-violent
Russia: Failed Reforms
• Alexander I: Rejects Change
– Suppression leads to secret reform societies
– S. Society (democracy) & N. Society (Con.
Monarchy)
• Crisis: No Heir = Constantine? Nicholas?
• Decembrist Revolt 1825: Failed Coup d’Etat
• Nicholas I: Autocracy!
– Censorship + Secret Police + Russification
– “Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism”
– Poland revolts crushed >> Organic Statute 1832
Revolution in France… again (1830)
• Louis XVIII (Bourbon CM) dies 1824
• Charles X: Ultra-royalist + Divine Right
– $ to nobles + primogeniture + power grab!
– Four Ordinances: ↓ rights, ↓ power, ↓ gov’t
• Dissolved Chamber of Deputies  
• July Revolt 1830: “Les Miserables”
– Worker Revolt – Barricades in Parisian streets!
– Charles X abdicates
• Louis Philippe the “King of the French”
– CM, Tricolor, ↑rights, shared power, NO social Δ
British
Government
Monarch
Veto Power
Head of State
Parliament
Laws + Policy
Tory – Whig –
Labor
House of Lords
Inherited / Appointed
Nobles + Clergy
Veto Power
House of
Commons
Elected
Middle Class
Reforming Great Britain
• Act of Union 1798
– Protestant Irish reps to House of Commons
• Catholic Emancipation Act 1828
– RCs could be members of Parliament
– Keeps peace in Ireland
• Great Reform Bill 1832
– To solve “rotten borough” problem
– ↑ electorate by
• Re-drawing voting districts
• ↓ property qualifications
So what’s the point?
• Post- NB Europe had to adjust
– Nations & government styles
• Conservative vs. Liberal
– Social class issues
• Rising Middle Class seeks greater participation
• New movements, new directions
– Conservatism seeks to maintain control
– Nationalist groups seek recognition & new
nation-states
– Liberalism seeks to reform European politics
& society
All of the following were goals of 19th century
liberals EXCEPT
A. Religious toleration
B. Legal equality
C. Free consent of the governed
D. Democracy
E. Limits to arbitrary power of government
against the property of individuals
D. They not advocate democracy, did not
want to give power to lower classes
Nationalist generally contended that
A. Legitimate monarchs should be the basis of
political unity
B. Ethnic boundaries should be distinct from
political boundaries
C. Ethnic boundaries should coincide with political
boundaries
D. Official versions of language should come from
the government rather than the people
E. Multinational states were more desirable than
single ethnic kingdoms
C. Nations – ethnicity, common culture, etc. –
should be the basis of political boundaries
Group Exercise
• Create a poster that explains the
revolutionary process in your assigned
country– Bullet Point Key Info + Visual + Present it
• Country Choices:
– Balkans / Spain / Haiti / New Spain / France /
Russia / Great Britain / So America
• Think SPRITE… names, terms, events,
laws, treaties, years, causes, effects…
• Flow Maps, Bubble Maps, etc.
The Concert of Europe refers to the
A. New informal arrangement for resolving mutual
foreign policy issues
B. New Russian, Austrian, Prussian and British
alliance
C. January 1820 outbreak of revolution in Spain
D. Restoration of monarchy in France
E. Combined effort to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte
A. The system focused on continental issues and
was based on cooperation, communication &
consent
FRQ Practice
• Write an FRQ Quick (underline thesis) and
an outline of a quality response to one of
the prompts below:
• “The independence movements in Latin
America were a direct consequence of
European events.” Defend or refute this
statement & justify your position. OR
• In what ways did the great powers of
Europe stem the tide of revolution
between 1815-1830?