Transcript RENAL FAILURE IN PREGNANCY
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE IN PREGNANCY
Dr. Mona Shroff, M.D.(O&G) EMOC Advanced Trainer (FOGSI,GOI,JHPIEGO EmOC project) Diploma in O & G Ultrasound (Ian Donald)
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This presentation covers
BASIC OUTLINE Investigations MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES Prerenal Vs ATN Vs ACN ROLE OF Nutrition Volume & metabolic control Diuretics : helpful or harmful ??
Dopamine : helpful or harmful ??
Dialysis : when & which ??
Renal biopsy ??
Delivery Conditions specific to pregnancy
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DEFINITIONS OF ARF
The syndrome is characterised by a sudden in parenchymal function (UOP<400ml/d;30ml/hr) which is usually but not always reversible
This produces disturbance of water, electrolyte, acid base balance and nitrogenous waste products & blood pressure.
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Physiological changes in normal gestation
Kidney weight and size increase Dilation of renal calyces, pelves, and ureters Urinary stasis Glomerular filtration, effective renal plasma flow, fractional clearance of urate increase Bicarbonate reabsorption threshold decreases
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Clinical relevance
Concentrations of serum creatinine, urea N, and uric acid of 0.9, 14, and 5.6 mg/dl, normal in nonpregnant subjects, are already suspiciously high in gravid women.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria - frank pyelonephritis. PP reduction in size should not be mistaken for parenchymal loss Post renal failure difficult to diagnose S.bicarb lower,PCO2 10 mmHg lower
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Causes
Bimodal distribution -peaks in the first trimester (related to unregulated and/or septic abortion,hyperemesis) and the late third trimester (related to obstetric complications APH,PPH,Preeclampsia, Chorioamnionitis,AFE etc).
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ETIOLOGY OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE PRERENAL CAUSES INTRARENAL CAUSES POSTRENAL CAUSES
ATN CORTICAL NECROSIS THOMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHIES
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The RIFLE classification (ADQI group) of ARF:
Risk (R) - Increase in serum creatinine level X 1.5 or decrease in GFR by 25%, or UO <0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours Injury (I)
mL/kg/h for 12 hours Failure (F) X 3.0, decrease in GFR by 75%, or serum for 24 hours, or anuria for 12 hours - Persistent ARF, complete loss of kidney function >4 wk function >3 months - Loss of kidney
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PHASES
OLIGURIA POLYURIA RECOVERY
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Investigations
BLOOD CBC Urea,creatinine,uric acid Electrolytes LFT S.proteins
Coagulation profile ABG RBS Osmolality URINE sp.gravity
osmolality electrolytes proteins pigment casts c/s ECG
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Management
Restore or maintain fluid balance The maintenance of electrolytes and acid base balance The maintenance of nutritional support Prevention of infection Avoid renal toxins (including NSAIDS) Instigate renal replacement therapies
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Prerenal failure
Adequately replace blood & fluid losses,maintain BP.
Control continuing blood loss Mannitol (100ml, 25%) trial to d/d b/w reversible prerenal failure & established ATN (provided oliguria <48
If diuresis (>50ml/hr or doubling) established within 3 electrolytes acc to urinary loss estimations.
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Volume control
IP/OP charting daily State of hydration-wt,hct,protein Input = Output/24hrs + 500ml(nonfebrile) + 200 ml/ deg C of inc. in Tem Balance : 0.3-0.5kg wt loss/d Avoid overhydration : Rx diuretics,dialysis CVP monitoring (b/w 10-15cm H2O)
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Diuretics
Diuretics commonly have been given in an attempt to convert the oliguric state to a nonoliguric state. However, diuretics have not been shown to be beneficial, and they may worsen outcomes.
In the absence of compelling contradictory data from a randomized, blinded clinical trial, the widespread use of diuretics in critically ill patients with acute renal failure should be discouraged. Useful only in management of fluid-overloaded patients Cantarovich F, Rangoonwala B, Lorenz H, Verho M, Esnault VL. High-dose furosemide for established ARF: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44:402-9.
Kellum JA. Systematic review: The use of diuretics and dopamine in acute renal failure: a systematic review of the evidence. Critical Care1997;1(2):53–9.
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DOPAMINE
Dopamine traditionally has been used to promote renal perfusion(1-5 mcg/kg/min ) However, systematic reviews of dopamine treatment in critically ill patients and in patients with sepsis do not support the use of dopamine to prevent renal insufficiency, morbidity, or mortality. In the majority of ARF studies, dopamine was associated only with an increase in urine output. Kellum JA, Decker MJ. Use of dopamine in acute renal failure: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1526-31.
Denton MD, Chertow GM, Brady HR. "Renal-dose" dopamine for the treatment of acute renal failure: scientific rationale, experimental studies and clinical trials. Kidney Int 1996;50:4-14.
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Nutrition
INTAKE 1500 cal (protein free) Oral/parenteral If vol limitation-50%D via central vein Essential L-aminoacids: K,Mg,P:Improve wound healing, hasten recovery Protein intake of 0.6 g per kg per day
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Electrolyte & acid-base correction
should be treated by decreasing the intake of potassium, delaying the absorption of potassium, exchanging potassium across the gut lumen using potassium-binding resins, controlling intracellular shifts dialysis.
Acidosis- sodabicarb ,dialysis
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Treat coagulopathy with FFP for a prolonged aPTT, cryoprecipitate for a fibrinogen level less than 100 mg/dL, and transfuse platelets for platelet counts less than 20,000/mm3 Timely identification of UTI, proper treatment & prevention using prophylactic antibiotics
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Indications for Kidney Replacement Therapy
Acidosis unresponsive to medical therapy Acute, severe, refractory electrolyte changes (e.g., hyperkalemia) Encephalopathy Significant azotemia (blood urea nitrogen level >100 mg per dL [36 mmol per L]) Significant bleeding Uremic pericarditis Volume overload
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Early “Prophylactic” Dialysis
Allows more liberal fluid, protein & salt intake.
Prevent hyperkalemic emergencies.
infectious Cx.
Improves comfort & survival
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Hemodialysis Vs Peritoneal dialysis
Limited usefulness if hypotension C/I in actively bleeding pt.
Controlled anticoagulation reqd Volume shifts careful Faster correction
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Can be used in preg/PP pt.
Easily available Simple,inexpensive Lower Cx rate Minimises rapid metabolic pertubations & fluid shifts Insert cath high direct vision
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Delivery
Development of ARF in obs pt is indication of delivery in majority cases.
Deliver if UOP<20 ml/>2hrs despite adequate vol expansion & immediate delivery not expected Redistribution of CO – better renal perfusion.
Remove fetus from hostile environment.
Neonate urea –osmotis diuresis dehydration
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Renal biopsy
Potentially v.risky in pregnancy Defer until postpartum even if ACN( for prognostication).
Rare indication sudden renal failure before 32 wks with no obvious cause.
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Preeclampsia
A decrease in the GFR occurs secondary to intrarenal vasospasm. This may manifest as a "prerenal" picture. Acute renal failure (ARF) may develop, and acute tubular necrosis (ATN) may ensue if this hypoperfusion persists.
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Pre-eclampsia: Management Renal problems
Hyperuricaemia and proteinuria are NOT indications for delivery per se Consider delivery for progressive renal impairment (creatinine >0.09 mmol/L) Care with fluids (pulmonary oedema can kill!) Kidney Function is Critical for Drug Elimination
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Pre-eclampsia Invasive monitoring
CVP monitoring may NOT be helpful!
poor correlation between CVP and PCWP PA catheters have risks!
rare indications:
pulmonary oedema resistant to diuretics
oliguric renal failure despite volume expansion
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Idiopathic postpartum renal failure
Associated primarily with microangiopathic processes Postpartum hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
These were often irreversible and were associated with substantial mortality.
Now improved outcome with plasma exchange,dialysis,prostacyclin infusion, correcting coagulopathy
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ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCY
Associated with acute renal failure in up to 60 percent of cases. The diagnosis should be suspected in a woman with preeclampsia who has jaundice,hypoglycemia, hypofibrinogenemia, and a prolonged PTT in the absence of abruptio placentae.
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KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Identify & prevent at prerenal phase as early as possible Dopamine should not be used to prevent acute renal failure. (Evidence level A) Diuretics should not be used to treat oliguria in patients with acute renal failure unless volume overload (Evidence level B) Early prophylactic dialysis should be strongly considered.
The maintenance of electrolytes,acid base balance & nutritional support plays vital role.
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THANK YOU
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