Transcript CAP Observer/Scanner Course - 7

South Carolina Wing
Civil Air Patrol
Mission Aircrew Course
1
** Revised Feb. 2003 - TN133/R.Hischke **
Administrative Items
So, you wanna train ???
Form 101
Form 101 Specialty Qualification Card
 CAPR 60-3 NEED GENERAL ES !!!

2
Mission Scanner
Requirements
 Trainee
• 18 years of age minimum
• Complete on-line CAPT 116, ES/ICS tests

Qualification
•
•
•
•
•
Preparatory Training per CAPF 101T-MS
Complete ECI 02130A Scanner Course
Assist in planning & conducting two sorties
Demonstrate knowledge of procedures and plans
Recommendation of a qualified Mission Scanner
3
101T Training Requirements
Visual Search Pattern Procedures
 Electronic Search Pattern and Procedures
 Aircrew Coordination
 Flight Line Operations
 Survival and First Aid Procedures
 Safety
 Scanning Techniques and Sighting
Characteristics

4
Flight Training/Qualification
Requirements
Minimum of two separate sorties as a trainee
under the direct supervision of a qualified
Mission Scanner
 Demonstrate Thorough Knowledge and
Understanding of:

•
•
•
•
Visual Search Pattern Procedures
Electronic Search Pattern and Procedures
Coordination with Ground Teams/Air-Ground Signals
Aircrew Coordination
5
Scanner Duties
PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY: Visual Search
 Be prepared to fly the mission — clothing,
equipment, credentials, etc.
 Complete mission paperwork
 Attend briefings
 Maintain an observer’s log
 Conduct the mission as planned
 Report observations accurately
 Return borrowed or assigned equipment
 Complete all post-mission paperwork

6
Mission Observer
Requirements
 Trainee
• Qualified Mission Scanner

Qualification
•
•
•
•
•
•
Preparatory Training per CAPF 101T-MO
CAP Radio Operator Authorization Card
Complete ECI 02130B Observer Course
Plan & conduct two sorties
Demonstrate knowledge of Procedures and Plans
Recommendation of a qualified Mission Observer
7
Flight Training
Requirements
 Minimum
of two separate sorties as a trainee
under the direct supervision of a qualified
Mission Observer
 Visual and electronic search procedures
• Visual search patterns as applicable
• Electronic search with direction finding equipment
• Electronic search without direction finding equipment
Aircrew coordination
 Other search mission procedures

8
Observer Duties
Be prepared to fly the mission — clothing,
equipment, credentials, etc.
 Complete pre-mission paperwork
 Attend briefings
 Maintain an observer’s log
 Conduct the mission as planned
 Advise the mission base of status
 Report accurately
 Return borrowed or assigned equipment
 Complete all paperwork

9
Mission Pilot
Requirements

Trainee
• Qualified Mission Scanner
• Current CAP Pilot with 175 Hrs. PIC incl. 50 Hrs. X/C
• Preparatory Training per CAPF 101T-MP
 Qualification
•
•
•
•
•
•
CAP Radio Operator Authorization Card
Complete MISSION AIRCREW Course
Fly two separate training sorties
Demonstrate capability to fly search patterns
Complete evaluation flight check - CAPF 91.
Recommendation of a qualified Mission Pilot
10
Mission Forms
Radio Operator
Authorization Card
CAP Form 76 (ROA)
 CAPR 100-1

11
Form 101T
Form 101T Specialty Training Forms
 CAPR 60-3
 101T-MS - Mission Scanner
 101T-MO - Mission Observer
 101T-MP - Mission Pilot
 etc.

12
Form 101T-MS
13
Form 101T-MO
14
Form 101T-MP
15
Form 101
Form 101 Specialty Qualification Card
 CAPR 60-3

16
Forms 104 and 108
 CAPF
104 Mission Flight Plan / Briefing /
Debriefing Form
• CAPR 60-1
• Completed for each mission sortie

CAPF 108 CAP Payment / Reimbursement
Document for Aviation / Automotive /
Miscellaneous Expenses
•
•
•
•
CAPR 173-3
Completed for each mission
File within 30 days after mission completion
Processing may take weeks
17
FAA Flight Plan

FAA Form 7233-1
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
(FAA USE ONLY)
PILOT BRIEFING
VFR
2. AIRCRAFT
IDENTIFICATION
TIME STARTED
SPECIALIST
INITIALS
STOPOVER
FLIGHT PLAN
1. TYPE
VNR
3. AIRCRAFT TYPE/
SPECIAL EQUIPMENT
4. TRUE
AIRSPEED
5. DEPARTURE POINT
6. DEPARTURE TIME
PROPOSED (Z)
ACTUAL (Z)
7. CRUISING
ALTITUDE
IFR
DVFR
KTS
8. ROUTE OF FLIGHT
9. DESTINATION (Name of airport
and city)
12. FUEL ON BOARD
MINUTES
10. EST. TIME ENROUTE
HOURS
13. ALTERNATE AIRPORT(S)
11. REMARKS
MINUTES
14. PILOTS NAME, ADDRESS, & TELEPHONE NUMBER & AIRCRAFT HOME BASE
HOURS
15. NUMBER
ABOARD
17. DESTINATION CONTACT / TELEPHONE (OPTIONAL)
16. COLOR OF AIRCRAFT
FAA Form 7233-1 (8-82)
CIVIL AIRCRAFT PILOTS, FAR Part 91 requires you file an IFR flight plan to operate under instrument flight rules in
controlled airspace. Failure to file could result in a civil penalty not to exceed $1,000 for each violation (Section 901 of the
Federal Aviation Act of 1958 as amended
CLOSE VFR FLIGHT PLAN WITH ________________FSS ON ARRIVAL
18
Radio Communications
& Procedures
 There
are many radios in aircraft
• ALL have similar features, tuning, volume, squelch
• Learn how to operate the radio you will be using

Keep radio transmissions brief and clear
•
•
•
•
•
Use “Code words”
Use “Prowords”
Figures
Time
Phonetic Alphabet
19
Ground Team
Coordination
 CAPR
60-3
 Ground to Air Signals
•
•
•
•

Size equals visibility
Natural materials (contrast is important)
Body signals
Think BIG!
Paulin signals
Air to Ground Signals
•
•
•
•
Aircraft motion
Circling and heading
Racing the engine
Message drop
20
Ground Signals
Requ ire d octor
Seriou s inju ries
Ind icate d irection
to p roceed
Proceed ing in this
d irection
Will attem p t
takeoff
Requ ire fu el and
oil
Probably safe to
land here
All w ell
No
Divid ed into 2
grou p s, in
d irections as
ind icated
H ave fou nd all
p ersonnel
Aircraft seriou sly
d am aged
N ot u nd erstood
Requ ire m ap and
com p ass
Yes
Requ ire firearm
and am m u nition
Requ ire food
and w ater
Unable to
p roceed
Requ ire m ed ical
su p p lies
Requ ire engineer
Unable to
continu e;
retu rning
Op eration
com p lete
Requ ire signal
lam p
Inform ation that
A/ C in this
d irection
H ave fou nd only
som e p ersonnel
N othing fou nd .
Will continu e to
search
21
Aircraft Motion Signals
NO
YES
Message received and understood
22
Low Level Navigation
THE DANGER
 The biggest single problem is crew workload
 Your perception of speed varies with altitude
SPECIAL ATTENTION
 Man-made obstructions
 Air crew duties
 These items should be covered during the
pre-flight briefing.
23
Position Determination

Electronic means
• Radial and distance
(DME) from an identified
station
• Intersection of two
radials
• Intersection of two
reverse courses
24
Position Determination

Pilotage
• Work from larger to smaller
• Work from a known location
to present location
• Watch the scale on maps
• Remain suspicious if all points
don’t seem to line up right
• Use groups of 3
characteristics to verify
position
25
Pilotage
Easterly Variation
Westerly Variation
20º
20º
Get a current chart
 Plot course
 Choose checkpoints
 Enclose the Course
 Measure true course
 Adjust for magnetic variation
 Correct for wind
 Note compass deviation
15º
10º
5º
0º
5º 10º
15º

Agonic Line
26
CAP Grid System
 Overlays
standard sectional maps
 Subdivides the map into distinct working
areas
 Each grid is 1/4° of latitude by 1/4° of
longitude and is assigned a number
 Grids are further divided into sub-grids
labeled A, B, C, and D
 Each sectional has a standard for assigning
grid numbers — for areas of overlap the grid
number of the most westerly chart is used
27
Aeronautical Chart Grid
System
Each grid on the
159 ADB
159 AA
sectional is
103-00 W
102-00 W
assigned a
number
37-00 N
A B
 In this example,
B
the grid depicted
A B
C
is numbered 159
C D
36-30 N
 Grids are
102-45 W
subdivided into
D
C
smaller sections
36-00 N
 Letters are used to
102-30 W
define sub-grids
103-00 W

102-00 W
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Standardized
Latitude/Longitude Grid
System
This system does
not require special
numbering
 Lat-long of lower
right corner
defines the grid
 Letters are used to
define sub-grids

36/102 AA 36/102 ADB
103-00 W
102-00 W
37-00 N
A
C
B
A
B
C
D
B
36-30 N
102-45 W
D
C
36-00 N
102-30 W
103-00 W
102-00 W
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Making Grid Charts
 You
can use a new sectional — normally not
updated unless it gets worn out
 Use a hi-lighter (not pink) to mark grid
boundaries on the chart using a long ruler
 Mark grid identification in black ink for easy
visibility
 You should always keep a current sectional
with you even if you have a sectional which
is marked with grids
30
Search Planning
& Coverage
 Search
Involves
• Estimating the position of the wreck or survivors
• Determining the area to be searched
• Selecting the search techniques to be used

Possibility Area
• Circle around the Last Known Position (LKP)
• The radius is equal to the endurance of the aircraft
• Correct for wind

Probability Area
• Where is the aircraft likely to be
31
Determining the Possibility
Area
No wind endurance
Flight level winds: 330/20
Aircraft Speed:
100 Kts
Endurance:
2 Hours
LKP
Wind vector
200 NM
Corrected for wind
Maximum possibility area
32
Probability Area
 Where
was the last point where RADAR had
the aircraft identified?
 Is there an ELT?
 Was there a flight plan (even if not on file with
the FAA)?
 Dead reckoning from LKP and heading
 Reports of sightings
• Other aircraft
• People living along the intended route of flight
33
Narrowing the Probability
Area










Flight plan
Weather information
National Track Analysis Program data
Airports along the intended flight track
Aircraft performance
Pilots flying habits
Radar coverage as a limiting factor
Nature of terrain along the flight track
Position reports — fuel stops, etc.
Most likely within 5 miles of intended track
34
Search Priorities
 Areas
of bad weather
 Low clouds and poor visibility
 Areas where weather was not as forecast
 High terrain
 Areas not covered by radar
 Reports of low flying aircraft
 Survival factors
 Radio contacts or MAYDAY calls
35
Search Coverage

Factors which affect detection
•
•
•
•
•

Determining factors for search area
coverage
•
•
•
•

Weather & lighting conditions
Type of Terrain
Search Visibility
Scanning Range
Track Spacing (S)
Type and number of aircraft available
Search visibility
Possibility Area
Probability Area
Probability Of Detection (POD)
36
Search Coverage
Probability Of Detection (POD)
 POD
expressed as a “percent” that the
search object can be detected
 Four interrelated factors used to calculate
•
•
•
•
Track Spacing (S)
Search Visibility
Search Altitude
Type of Terrain
Cumulative POD calculated using a chart
 “Effectiveness” must also be considered

37
Search Coverage
Probability of Detection Chart
OPEN, FLAT TERRAIN
SEARCH ALTITUDE
(AGL)
Track Spacing
500 Feet
0.5 NM
1.0
1.5
2.0
700 Feet
0.5 NM
1.0
1.5
2.0
1,000 Feet
0.5 NM
1.0
1.5
2.0
SEARCH VISIBILITY
1 mi
2 mi
3 mi
4 mi
35%
20
15
10
60%
35
25
20
75%
50
35
30
75%
50
40
30
40%
20
15
10
60%
35
25
20
75%
50
40
30
80%
55
40
35
40%
25
15
15
65%
40
30
20
80%
55
40
30
85%
60
45
35
38
Search Coverage
Cumulative Probability of Detection Chart
Previous
POD
5-10%
11-20%
21-30%
31-40%
41-50%
51-60%
61-70%
71-80%
80+%
15
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
85
25
35
45
55
65
70
80
85
45
50
60
65
75
80
90
60
65
70
80
85
90
70
75
80
85
90
80
85
90
95
90
90
95
95
95
95+
5-10% 11-20% 21-30% 31-40% 41-50% 51-60% 61-70% 71-80% 80+%
POD For This Search
39
Electronic Search Patterns
Emergency Locator
Transmitter
 Normally
set off by the impact of an airplane
crash; can be set off by a hard landing-check 121.5 before engine shutdown
 TSO 91 ELTs are most common
• 121.5 MHz
• 98% of all ELT activations are false alarms

TSO 91A ELTs also available
• 406 MHz
• Signal includes registration information
• Has lower false alarm rate - only 90%
40
Electronic Search

Line-of-sight ELT signals can be blocked
Signal blocked by the
curvature of the earth
Area of Reception
Area of Reception
41
Done using Track Line or
Creeping Line pattern
Altitude is normally 5,000 to 10,000 AGL
 Use a search pattern assigned by the Mission
Coordinator
 Track Line (route) search or Creeping Line may be
used

Search
Path
Path of missing
aircraft
Path of missing
aircraft
42
Homing with DF Equipment
 Direction
Finding Equipment for 121.5 MHz
 Use standard homing procedures
•
•
•
•

Determine direction from the needle indications
Turn toward the direction indicated by the needle
Proceed until you get a strong “crossover” indication
Descend if needed to locate the signal
Homing at low altitudes may cause problems
due to interference from the ground or manmade obstacles
43
Signal Null Method
Low Ant Null
Signal Heard
High Ant Null
Null vector from first turn
High Ant Null
Path of
Aircraft
Low Ant Null
High Ant Null
High Ant Null
Low Ant Null
Low Ant Null
High Ant Null
Null Vector from second turn
No nulls detected at low altitude
Low Ant Null
44
Aural Search Pattern
Barely audible signal in aircraft receiver at search altitude
Second heading
First heading
Third heading
Commence low
altitude search
Signal faded
Signal heard again
Chord 1
Chord 2
Signal faded again
Chord 3
Signal heard again
Signal heard
45
Metered Search
Signal fades out
4
8
2
7
ELT
2
6
4
5
5
6
Second pass -turn
to locate ELT
6
7
8
8
First pass- signal detected
46
Electronic Search Problems
 Pattern
distortion due to terrain
 Signal loss due to terrain
 Determination of aural signal
 Volume problems
• Volume control and Squelch
• Automatic volume controls
• Individual differences in people

Success requires
• Equipment
• Knowledge
• Practice
47
Visual Search Patterns
& Procedures
Track Line (Route Search)
Track of missing aircraft
Track of search aircraft
1/2 S
1/2 S
48
Visual Search Patterns
Parallel Track
1/2 S
S
S
49
Visual Search Patterns
Creeping Line
Direction of Search
s
s
s
s
s
50
Visual Search Patterns
Expanding Square
(second pass rotated 45°)
4S
2S
5S 3S
S 2S 4S
3S
5S
51
Visual Search Patterns
Sector Search
S max
The pattern and headings
are planned in advance
S mean
Sector search is easier to fly
than expanding square
This pattern is used when an
electronic search has led the
crew to a general area to find
the exact location visually
The pattern provides concentrated
coverage near the center of the area
52
Visual Search Patterns
Contour Search
This is a most difficult and
dangerous pattern to fly
Requires special training
Don’t try it when winds
or turbulence are bad
Watch density altitude
Ensure the aircraft has the
required performance for
the mission
53
Vision Physiology
The maximum visual acuity is a
circle 10° in diameter around a
fixation point
 Dark adaptation requires 30
minutes
 At night

10 degrees
• Use off-center vision
• Fewer scans
• Rest between scans
Lighting conditions
 Shadows

54
Visual Clues
 Light
colored or shiny objects
 Smoke, fire, blackened areas
 Disturbed or discolored foliage
 Fresh bare earth
 Breaks in cultivated field patterns
 Disturbances in water and snow
 Birds and animals
 Signals and messages
55
Wreckage Patterns
 Hole
in the ground
 Cork screw or auger
 Creaming or smear
 The four winds
 Hedge-trimming
 Splash
56
Scanning
Technique
Farther
Fixation area
Follow a routine pattern
 Cover area systematically
 Pause to “fix” on a point
every 3° to 4°
 Cover 10° per second
 Lateral pattern
 Vertical pattern
 Limitations

• Weather
• Altitude
• Windows
Focus
points
Nearer
57
Effect of flight path
Actual Pattern
 Movement
Intended Pattern
of
the aircraft
across the
ground can
adversely affect
coverage
Direction of Flight
58
Aircraft Ground Track
Scanning from RIGHT REAR Window
1000’ AGL ( 1/2 - 1 mile )
500’ AGL
(1/4 - 1/2 mile)
1000’ AGL
( 1/2 - 1 mile )
500’ AGL
(1/4 - 1/2 mile)
Aircraft Ground Track
Scanning from the LEFT REAR WINDOW
Diagonal Scanning
61
Fighting Fatigue
 Change
positions every 30 minutes if the size
of the aircraft permits
 Switch sides of the aircraft
 Find a comfortable scanning position
 Ensure aircraft windows are clean
 Scan through open hatches when possible
 Keep inside lighting low to reduce reflections
 Only use binoculars to check sightings
 Focus on close objects periodically
62
Flight Planning
Time conversion
 Travel
across time zones makes local time
difficult to use
 Coordinated Universal Time, Greenwich
Mean Time, or Zulu time usually used
 Conversion factor can be found in flight
planning material
63
VFR / IFR Flight Plans
 Visual
Flight Rules (VFR)
• VFR flight plans are not required by the FAA, but are
highly recommended
• Minimum weather conditions and clearance from clouds
must be observed
• Pilot assumes complete responsibility to see and avoid
other aircraft

Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)
• IFR flight plan and clearance are required
• Minimum weather conditions are much lower than VFR
• Controller assumes responsibility for aircraft separation
64
Preflight Briefing

Mission Objectives

Weather

Search Altitudes

Duties

Emergency procedures
65
Aircrew Coordination
 Scanner
/ Observer qualifications are
contained in CAPR 60-3
 Scanner / Observer responsibilities are
contained in ECI 2130A & B Course Books
• Maintain flight log
• Report observations
• Use effective scanning techniques
66
Observers Log
Observer Log
Aircraft

Provides a record of
the flight
Departure Pt.
Check Points
Pilot
Observer
Mission
Date
Destination
Total Dist ETE
Takeoff Time
Fuel
Ident
Freq
Mag
Hdg
Dist
Ground
Speed
ETE
Remain
ETA
ATA
Inflight Observations
Time
Observation
Fuel
Remain
• Preflight calculations
• Record of observations
Basis for debriefing
 Used to complete CAPF 104
 Information is forwarded to Mission
Coordinator to guide mission management
 Good logs can be combined from several
sorties to give the Mission Coordinator a
better picture of how the search is going

67
Team concept and
communication
 Pay
close attention to all briefings
 Understand the “big picture”
 Watch for task overload in yourself and other
crewmembers
 67% of aircraft accidents occur during 17% of
the flight time - taxi, takeoff, climb, approach
and landing. Keep casual conversation and
distractions to a minimum during these
phases of flight
 Begin critical communication with
instructions, then explain
68
Debriefing
 Note
both Positive and Negative results
 Use the back side of CAPF 104
 Used to determine effectivity of the search
•
•
•
•

Weather — shadows, visibility, snow cover
Terrain — open flat, mountainous, rough
Ground Cover — barren, forest, scrub, sparse, dense
Other information — hazards, changes from plan
Used to calculate the “probability of
detection” which is used for subsequent
search planning
69
Crew Efficiency
Communications
 Clock Position

12
11
• High, Low, Level
 Maneuvers
• Straight ahead
• Stop turn

Small Corrections
• 5 degrees right
• 10 degrees left bank

External References
1
2
10
3
9
4
8
7
5
6
70
Summary
 Successful
missions hinge on each and every
member
 Learn how to use the procedures and tools
available to you, and use them correctly
 Never stop learning
 Don’t be afraid to ask questions
 Never criticize someone for asking questions
 Practice, practice, practice
71
Now, Let’s Go Flying !!
** Revision 2 - Feb. 2003 - TN133/R.Hischke
**
72