Transcript CAP Observer/Scanner Course - 7
South Carolina Wing Civil Air Patrol Mission Aircrew Course
Administrative Items So, you wanna train ???
Form 101
Form 101 Specialty Qualification Card
CAPR 60-3 NEED GENERAL ES !!!
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Mission Scanner Requirements
Trainee
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18 years of age minimum Complete on-line CAPT 116, ES/ICS tests
Qualification
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Preparatory Training per SQTR-MS Recommend Completion of AFIADL 02130A Scanner Course Demonstrate knowledge of procedures and plans Assist in planning & conducting two sorties Training conducted & verified by a qualified Mission Scanner
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Training Requirements
Visual Search Pattern Procedures
Electronic Search Pattern and Procedures
Aircrew Coordination
Flight Line Operations
Survival and First Aid Procedures
Safety Scanning Techniques and Sighting Characteristics
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Flight Training/Qualification Requirements
Minimum of two separate sorties as a trainee under the direct supervision of a qualified Mission Scanner
Demonstrate Thorough Knowledge and Understanding of:
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Visual Search Pattern Procedures Electronic Search Pattern and Procedures Coordination with Ground Teams/Air-Ground Signals Aircrew Coordination
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Scanner Duties
PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY: Visual Search
Be prepared to fly the mission — equipment, credentials, etc.
clothing, Assist in Completion of pre-mission paperwork
Participate in briefings
Maintain an observer’s log
Conduct the mission as planned
Report observations accurately
Assist in completion of all post-mission paperwork
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Mission Observer Requirements
Trainee
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Qualified Mission Scanner
Qualification
• • • • • •
Preparatory Training per SQTR-MO CAP Radio Operator Authorization Card Recommend Completion of AFIADL 02130B Observer Course Demonstrate knowledge of Procedures and Plans Plan & conduct two sorties Training conducted & verified by a qualified Mission Observer
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Flight Training Requirements
Minimum of two separate sorties as a trainee under the direct supervision of a qualified Mission Observer
Visual and electronic search procedures
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Visual search patterns as applicable Electronic search with direction finding equipment Electronic search without direction finding equipment
Aircrew coordination
Other search mission procedures
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Observer Duties
PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY: Visual Search
SECONDARY RESPONSIBILITY: Assist MP
Be prepared to fly the mission — equipment, credentials, etc.
clothing,
Complete pre-mission paperwork
Participate in briefings Maintain an observer’s log
Conduct the mission as planned
Advise the mission base of status
Report observations accurately
Complete all post-mission paperwork
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Mission Pilot Requirements
Trainee
• • • •
Qualified Mission Scanner Highly recommended to be Qualified Mission Observer Current CAP Pilot with 175 Hrs. PIC incl. 50 Hrs. X/C Preparatory Training per SQTR-MP
Qualification
• • • • • •
CAP Radio Operator Authorization Card Complete MISSION AIRCREW Course Fly two separate training sorties Demonstrate capability to fly search patterns Complete evaluation flight check - CAPF 91.
Training conducted & verified by a qualified Mission Pilot
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Mission Forms
Radio Operator Authorization Card
Complete Basic Comm User Training
CAP Form 76 (ROA)
CAPR 100-1
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SQTR’s
Specialty Qualification Training Records
CAPR 60-3 & eServices
SQTR-MS - Mission Scanner
SQTR-MO - Mission Observer
SQTR-MP - Mission Pilot etc.
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SQTR-MS
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SQTR-MO
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SQTR-MP
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Form 101
Form 101 Specialty Qualification Card
CAPR 60-3 & eServices
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Forms 104 and 108
CAPF 104 Mission Flight Plan / Briefing / Debriefing Form
• •
CAPR 60-1 Completed for each mission sortie
CAPF 108 CAP Payment / Reimbursement Document for Aviation / Automotive / Miscellaneous Expenses
• • • •
CAPR 173-3 Completed for each mission File within 30 days after mission completion Processing may take weeks
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FAA Flight Plan
FAA Form 7233-1 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION FLIGHT PLAN 1. TYPE VFR IFR DVFR 2. AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION 8. ROUTE OF FLIGHT (FAA USE ONLY) 3. AIRCRAFT TYPE/ SPECIAL EQUIPMENT 4. TRUE AIRSPEED PILOT BRIEFING STOPOVER KTS 5. DEPARTURE POINT VNR TIME STARTED 6. DEPARTURE TIME PROPOSED (Z) ACTUAL (Z) 7. CRUISING ALTITUDE SPECIALIST INITIALS 9. DESTINATION (Name of airport and city) 10. EST. TIME ENROUTE HOURS MINUTES 11. REMARKS 12. FUEL ON BOARD HOURS MINUTES 13. ALTERNATE AIRPORT(S) 16. COLOR OF AIRCRAFT FAA Form 7233-1 (8-82) 14. PILOTS NAME, ADDRESS, & TELEPHONE NUMBER & AIRCRAFT HOME BASE 17. DESTINATION CONTACT / TELEPHONE (OPTIONAL) 15. NUMBER ABOARD CIVIL AIRCRAFT PILOTS, FAR Part 91 requires you file an IFR flight plan to operate under instrument flight rules in controlled airspace. Failure to file could result in a civil penalty not to exceed $1,000 for each violation (Section 901 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 as amended CLOSE VFR FLIGHT PLAN WITH ________________FSS ON ARRIVAL
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Radio Communications & Procedures
There are many radios in aircraft
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ALL have similar features, tuning, volume, squelch Learn how to operate the radio you will be using
Keep radio transmissions brief and clear
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Use “Code words” Use “Prowords” Figures Time Phonetic Alphabet
Handouts
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Ground Team Coordination
CAPR 60-3
Ground to Air Signals
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Size equals visibility Natural materials (contrast is important) Body signals Paulin signals Think BIG!
Air to Ground Signals
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Aircraft motion Circling and heading Racing the engine Message drop
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Ground Signals
Requ ire d octor Seriou s inju ries Ind icate d irection to p roceed Requ ire fu el and oil N o Requ ire firearm and am m u nition Divid ed into 2 grou p s, in d irections as ind icated H ave fou nd all p ersonnel Requ ire m ed ical su p p lies Proceed ing in this d irection Probably safe to land here Yes Requ ire engineer Unable to continu e; retu rning Op eration com p lete Unable to p roceed Will attem p t takeoff All w ell Requ ire food and w ater Aircraft seriou sly d am aged N ot u nd erstood Requ ire m ap and com p ass Requ ire signal lam p Inform ation that A/ C in this d irection H ave fou nd only som e p ersonnel N othing fou nd .
Will continu e to search 21
Aircraft Motion Signals
YES NO Message received and understood
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Low Level Navigation
THE DANGER
The biggest single problem is crew workload
Your perception of speed varies with altitude SPECIAL ATTENTION
Man-made obstructions
Air crew duties
These items should be covered during the pre-flight briefing.
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Position Determination
Electronic means
• • •
Radial and distance (DME) from an identified station Intersection of two radials Intersection of two reverse courses
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Position Determination
Pilotage
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Work from larger to smaller
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Work from a known location to present location Watch the scale on maps Remain suspicious if all points don’t seem to line up right Use groups of 3 characteristics to verify position
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Pilotage
Easterly Variation
20º 15º 10º 5º
Westerly Variation
0º 5º 10º 15º 20º
Get a current chart
Plot course
Choose checkpoints
Measure true course
Adjust for magnetic variation Correct for wind
Note compass deviation Agonic Line
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CAP Grid Systems
Overlay standard sectional maps
Subdivides the map into distinct working areas
Aeronautical Chart System
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Each grid is 1/4° of latitude by 1/4° assigned a number of longitude and is Standardized Latitude/Longitude System
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Each primary grid is 1° of latitude by 1° of longitude and is defined by the Lat/Long of the lower right corner Primary grids are subdivided by appropriate letters for sub-grids
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Aeronautical Chart Grid System
Each 15’x15’ grid on the sectional is assigned a number In this example, the grids depicted are on the HOU sectional Grids are subdivided into 7.5’x7.5’ sections labeled A , B , C , and D For areas of overlap the grid number of the most westerly chart is used HOU 101 96-00 W A B C D 95-45 W HOU 126B 95-00 W 31-00 N 30-30 N 30-00 N 95-30 W 96-00 W HOU 176 95-00 W
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Standardized Latitude/Longitude Grid System
This system does not require special numbering 30/095 AA 96-00 W 30/095 ADB 95-00 W 31-00 N A B Lat-long of lower right corner defines the primary grid C A B C D 95-45 W B 30-30 N Letters are used to define sub-grids
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A defines a 30’x30’ grid AA defines a 15’x15’ grid AAA defines a 7.5’x7.5’ grid 96-00 W C 95-30 W D 30-00 N 95-00 W
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Making Grid Charts
You can use a new sectional — normally not updated unless it gets worn out
Use a hi-lighter (not pink) to mark grid boundaries on the chart using a long ruler Mark grid identification in black ink for easy visibility
You should always keep a current sectional with you even if you have a sectional which is marked with grids
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Search Planning & Coverage
Search Involves
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Estimating the position of the wreck or survivors Determining the area to be searched Selecting the search techniques to be used
Possibility Area
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Circle around the Last Known Position (LKP) The radius is equal to the endurance of the aircraft
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Correct for wind
Probability Area
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Where is the aircraft likely to be
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Determining the Possibility Area
No wind endurance Flight level winds: 330/20 Aircraft Speed: 100 Kts Endurance: 2 Hours LKP Wind vector 200 NM Corrected for wind Maximum possibility area
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Determining the Probability Area
Where was the last point where RADAR had the aircraft identified?
Is there an ELT?
Was there a flight plan (even if not on file with the FAA)?
Dead reckoning from LKP and heading
Reports of sightings
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Other aircraft People living along the intended route of flight
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Narrowing the Probability Area
Flight plan Weather information National Track Analysis Program data Airports along the intended flight track Aircraft performance Pilot’s flying habits Radar coverage as a limiting factor Nature of terrain along the flight track Position reports — fuel stops, etc.
Most likely within 5 miles of intended track
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Search Priorities
Areas of bad weather
Low clouds and poor visibility
Areas where weather was not as forecast
High terrain Areas not covered by radar
Reports of low flying aircraft
Survival factors
Radio contacts or MAYDAY calls
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Search Coverage
Factors which affect detection
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Weather & lighting conditions Type of Terrain Search Visibility Scanning Range Track Spacing (S) Determining factors for search area coverage
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Type and number of aircraft available Search visibility Possibility Area Probability Area
Probability Of Detection (POD)
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Search Coverage
Probability Of Detection (POD)
POD expressed as a “percent” that the search object can be detected
Four interrelated factors used to calculate
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Track Spacing (S) Search Visibility Search Altitude Type of Terrain
Cumulative POD calculated using a chart
“Effectiveness” must also be considered
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Search Coverage
Probability of Detection Chart OPEN, FLAT TERRAIN
SEARCH ALTITUDE (AGL) SEARCH VISIBILITY 1 mi 2 mi 3 mi 4 mi Track Spacing 500 Feet 0.5 NM 1.0
1.5
2.0
700 Feet 0.5 NM 1.0
1.5
2.0
1,000 Feet 0.5 NM 1.0
1.5
2.0
35% 20 15 10 40% 20 15 10 40% 25 15 15 60% 35 25 20 60% 35 25 20 65% 40 30 20 75% 50 35 30 75% 50 40 30 80% 55 40 30 75% 50 40 30 80% 55 40 35 85% 60 45 35 38
Search Coverage
Cumulative Probability of Detection Chart Previous POD 5-10% 11-20% 21-30% 31-40% 41-50% 51-60% 61-70% 71-80% 80+% 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 25 35 45 55 65 70 80 45 50 60 65 75 80 60 65 70 80 85 70 75 80 85 80 85 90 90 90 95 85 85 90 90 90 95 95 95 95+ 5-10% 11-20% 21-30% 31-40% 41-50% 51-60% 61-70% 71-80% 80+% POD For This Search
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Electronic Search Patterns
Requires special skills that must be learned and practiced.
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
Normally set off by the impact of an airplane crash; can be set off by a hard landing--check 121.5 before engine shutdown TSO 91 ELTs are most common
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121.5 MHz 98% of all ELT activations are false alarms TSO 91A ELTs also available
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406 MHz Signal includes registration information Has lower false alarm rate - only 90%
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Electronic Search
Line-of-sight ELT signals can be blocked Signal blocked by the curvature of the earth Area of Reception Area of Reception
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Done using Track Line or Creeping Line pattern
Altitude is normally 5,000 to 10,000 AGL Use a search pattern assigned by the Mission Coordinator Track Line (route) search or Creeping Line may be used Track Line flown out and back on either side of expected track.
Creeping Line flown back and forth covering a large area. Legs flown perpendicular to the general direction the target would have been traveling Search Path Path of missing aircraft Path of missing aircraft
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Homing with DF Equipment
Direction Finding Equipment for 121.5 MHz
Use standard homing procedures
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Determine direction from the needle indications Turn toward the direction indicated by the needle Proceed until you get a strong “crossover” indication Descend if needed to locate the signal
Homing at low altitudes may cause problems due to interference from the ground or man made obstacles
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Signal Null Method
Requires a receiver AND a SPECIALLY PLACED antenna, i.e. directly between the wings.
Fly the turn, record the heading of the null (where the signal disappears), calculate the direction to the signal (add or subtract 90 deg.) Low Ant Null Signal Heard High Ant Null Path of Aircraft Null vector from first turn High Ant Null Low Ant Null High Ant Null High Ant Null Low Ant Null High Ant Null Null Vector from second turn No nulls detected at low altitude Low Ant Null Low Ant Null
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Aural Search Pattern
Only requires a receiver.
Don’t touch the volume, or squelch controls while working the pattern.
One person should determine the points where the signal fades or returns.
Barely audible signal in aircraft receiver at search altitude Signal faded Second heading First heading Third heading Commence low altitude search Signal heard again Chord 1 Signal heard again Chord 2 Signal faded again Chord 3 Signal heard
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Metered Search
Only requires a receiver with a signal strength meter. Watch the strength meter on the receiver.
Signal fades out 8 7 Second pass -turn to locate ELT 8 6 6 5 4 4 2 2 ELT 5 6 7 8
Electronic Search Problems
Pattern distortion due to terrain/obstacles
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Beware, the signal may lead you AWAY from the actual target.
Signal loss due to terrain
Determination of aural signal
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Different people hear sounds differently.
Volume problems
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Volume control and Squelch Automatic volume controls Individual differences in people
Success requires
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Equipment Knowledge Practice
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Visual Search Patterns & Procedures
Track Line (Route Search)
Used when aircraft missing without a trace - also used at night Rapid and reasonably thorough coverage near the expected track.
Track of missing aircraft Track of search aircraft 1/2 S 1/2 S
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Visual Search Patterns
Parallel Track (“Grid”)
Used for large and fairly level search areas.
1/2 S S S
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Visual Search Patterns
Creeping Line
Used when search area is long, narrow, fairly level and target is thought to be on either side of the expected track.
Direction of Search s s s s s
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Visual Search Patterns
Expanding Square (second pass rotated 45°)
Used when the approximate location of target is known - very difficult to fly without a GPS.
Gradually will cover a larger and larger area.
5S 3S 4S 2S S 2S 4S 3S 5S
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Visual Search Patterns
Sector Search
Used when the position of the distress incident is known to be within close limits; i.e., there was a MAYDAY call with definite location.
S max The pattern and headings are planned in advance S mean This pattern is used when an electronic search has led the crew to a general area to find the exact location visually The pattern provides concentrated coverage near the center of the area
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Visual Search Patterns
Contour Search Always flown from high terrain to lower terrain.
CAUTION - Density altitude and aircraft performance limitations can cause you to get into an unrecoverable situation.
This is a most difficult and dangerous pattern to fly Requires special training Don’t try it when winds or turbulence are bad Watch density altitude Ensure the aircraft has the required performance for the mission
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Vision Physiology
The maximum visual acuity is a circle 10° in diameter around a fixation point During the day, peripheral vision is good to pick up things, then focus on them with your central vision.
Dark adaptation requires 30 minutes At night
• • •
Use off-center vision Fewer scans Rest between scans Lighting conditions & shadows may significantly affect vision 10 degrees
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Visual Clues
Light colored or shiny objects
Smoke, fire, blackened areas
Disturbed or discolored foliage
Fresh bare earth Breaks in cultivated field patterns
Disturbances in water and snow
Birds and animals
Signals and messages
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Wreckage Patterns
Hole in the ground - steep dive into the ground Cork screw or auger - uncontrolled spin Creaming or smear - level flight into the ground The four winds - in-flight breakup, pieces scattered everywhere.
Hedge-trimming - aircraft strikes high ridge or obstruction and continues on - some wreckage at first impact, most of it further away.
Splash – water impact – oil slick & debris
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Scanning Technique
Farther Fixation area
Using proper scanning techniques and understanding sighting characteristics is essential to a proper search.
Follow a routine pattern Cover area systematically Pause to “fix” on a point every 3° to 4° Cover 10° per second Lateral pattern Vertical pattern Limitations
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Weather
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Altitude Windows Nearer Focus points
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Effect of flight path
Actual Pattern Intended Pattern
Be aware Movement of the aircraft across the ground can adversely affect coverage
Direction of Flight 58
Scanning from RIGHT SIDE Window 1000’ AGL ( 1/2 - 1 mile ) 500’ AGL (1/4 - 1/2 mile )
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Scanning from LEFT SIDE WINDOW 1000’ AGL ( 1/2 - 1 mile ) 500’ AGL (1/4 - 1/2 mile)
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Diagonal Scanning
Key: Numbers represent scanning focuses Dots represent focus points Left Side Scanning Diagonally
In to Out
Right Side Scanning Diagonally
In to Out
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Fighting Fatigue
Change positions every 30 minutes if the size of the aircraft permits Rest your eyes occasionally - let the crew know Switch sides of the aircraft Find a comfortable scanning position Ensure aircraft windows are clean (pre-flight) Scan through open hatches when possible Keep inside lighting low to reduce reflections Only use binoculars to check sightings - Using binoculars to scan will limit your view and probably make you ill.
Focus on close objects periodically
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Flight Planning
Proper flight planning is essential to safe flight and it will make for much more effective sorties.
Time conversion
Travel across time zones makes local time difficult to use
Coordinated Universal Time, Greenwich Mean Time, or Zulu time usually used
Conversion factor can be found in flight planning material
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VFR / IFR Flight Plans
Visual Flight Rules (VFR)
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VFR flight plans are not required by the FAA, but are highly recommended - helps make sure someone will come looking for you if you don’t reach your destination Minimum weather conditions and clearance from clouds must be observed
• • •
Pilot assumes complete responsibility to see and avoid other aircraft During search missions, your CAPF 104 is you flight plan - the MC and mission staff will know if you don’t return.
FAA flight plan required if Search Area is over 50 miles from Mission Base
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)
• • • •
IFR flight plan and clearance are required Minimum weather conditions are much lower than VFR Controller assumes responsibility for aircraft separation Visual search is not done in IFR conditions
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Preflight Briefing
Understanding all of the conditions of the flight will better prepare you to do your job.
Prior to each flight the pilot-in-command will brief the crew and passengers with essential information regarding the flight, and specific information concerning the aircraft. Pay attention.
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Mission Objectives
• • • • •
Weather Search Altitudes & Routes Crew Duties Emergency Procedures Survival Equipment Know what your looking for, where you’ll be going, what to expect, what you’ll be doing.
When you have an emergency it’s too late to discuss what you’re going to do.
If you don’t understand something ask.
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Aircrew Coordination
Scanner / Observer qualifications are contained in CAPR 60-3 Scanner / Observer responsibilities are contained in AFIADL 2130A & B Course Books
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Maintain flight log
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Report observations Use effective scanning techniques The Aircrew is a TEAM - Each has a job to perform - the team members must work together to be effective. Remember your job is to look for targets. You must record what you see. You need to be aware of where you are and the status of the sortie at all times.
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Observers Log
Aircraft Pilot Destination Observer
Observer Log
Mission Date Total Dist ETE Takeoff Time Fuel Time Dist Departure Pt.
Check Points Ident Freq Mag Hdg Ground Speed ETE Remain ETA ATA Fuel Remain
Provides a record of the flight
• •
Preflight calculations Record of observations
Basis for debriefing
Used to complete CAPF 104 (Debriefing)
Information is forwarded to Mission Coordinator to guide mission management
Good logs can be combined from several sorties to give the Mission Coordinator a better picture of how the search is going Inflight Observations
Observation
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Team concept and communication
Pay close attention to all briefings
Understand the “big picture”
Watch for task overload in yourself and other crewmembers – “Crew Resource Management”
67% of aircraft accidents occur during 17% of the flight time - taxi, takeoff, climb, approach and landing. Keep casual conversation and distractions to a minimum during these phases of flight – “Sterile Cockpit”
Begin critical communication with instructions, then explain
Don’t be afraid to ask questions
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Debriefing
Note both Positive to that same area. and Negative results - You may not have seen anything, but the conditions (sun angle, terrain, etc.) may have been such that it will be necessary to send another sortie Use the back side of CAPF 104 - Report any possible targets spotted that were identified as other things (refrigerators, scrap metal, etc.) This will help others who search the same area if they know you’ve already identified the object.
Debriefing used to determine effectivity of the search
• • • •
Weather — Terrain — shadows, visibility, snow cover open flat, mountainous, rough Ground Cover — barren, forest, scrub, sparse, dense Other information — hazards, changes from plan Results used to calculate the “ probability of detection ” which is used for subsequent search planning
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9 8 10 11 12 7 6 1 5 2 4 3
Crew Efficiency
Communications - The efficient crew works together and communicates well.
Clock Position - When a target is sighted, keep your eyes on it and tell the pilot the position. Something like, “I have a target, 3 o’clock.”
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High, Low, Level Maneuvers - Then give the pilot maneuver instructions to guide them to it without losing sight of it yourself.
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Straight ahead
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Stop turn Small Corrections
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5 degrees right
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10 degrees left bank External References - Use reference points like “straight out the road to the east”.
Don’t expect the pilot to be able to see the target immediately. You must guide them to it.
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“Typical” Air Sortie Sequence SARSAT INCIDENT 103 (all) 121 MP Flight Service Air Crew 104 (all) ORM (all) Wt/Bal (MP) MO/MS Logs 104 (all) 108 (MP) Fuel Rcpt AFRCC Sqdn Cdr / ES Ofcr CAP Alert Ofcr State Director Incident Commander Dir of Ops CAPF 99 CAPF 115 CAPF 117 CAPF 201 WMIRS Wing Admin
(Click to Advance)
Summary
Successful missions hinge on each and every aircrew member
Learn how to use the procedures and tools available to you, and use them correctly Never stop learning
Don’t be afraid to ask questions
Never criticize someone for asking questions
Practice, practice, practice
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