Transcript Theories of gravity in 5D brane

Theories of gravity in 5D
brane-world scenarios
1) Introduction
We know that the proper theory of gravity is
General Relativity (GR).
Some basic features of GR:
• Geometry of spacetime is described by metric tensor g.
• Matter tells spacetime how to curve and curvature
of spacetime tells the matter how to move.
• Field equations of GR are called Einstein equations.
Einstein equations:
Einstein tensor
(describes curvature
of spacetime)
energy-momentum tensor
(describes distribution of
matter in the spacetime)
2) Quantization of gravity
There is a serious problem with GR:
When we try to quantize GR in perturbation method
(as one quantizes other fields in quantum field theory)
we obtain a nonrenormalizable theory.
A nonrenormalizable theory can not be considered as
the proper theory.
Proposed quantum gravity theories:
Loop quantum gravity (LQG)
• non-perturbative quantization (renormalization problem
does not exist)
• unifies gravity and quantum mechanics only
• weakness: presently, it is not clear how to explain the
existence of dark energy and dark matter within LQG
M-theory
it is supposed to unify all known interactions (including
gravity)
• it is defined in 11 dimensions
• fundamental constituents of the universe are strings,
membranes and hihger dimensional objects (p-branes)
• weakness: it makes sense only in the case when
supersymmetry is realised in nature
• even more serious weakness: anuniquence in
compactification.
3) Why 5 dimensions?
• 5 dimensional models are inspired by M-theory.
• In M-theory we can assume many different topology of
additional dimensions.
• One of the most interesting (the simplest case):
Known 4d
spacetime
The fifth dimension
Calabi –Yau space,
result of the
compacification of 6
dimensions
Topology of the fifth dimension:
0
π
0
π
Usually it is assumed that size of the fifth dimension is much bigger
than the size of Calabi –Yau space.
In the 1st approximation we can ignore details of
the Calabi-Yau space.
We have obtained 5d model
This 5 dimensional model have topology:
bulk
0
π
Four dimensional 3-branes (3 space + time) at the ends of the fifth
dimension. Our universe is on the one of these two branes.
This is called brane-world scenario.
Assumptions:
1. Only gravitational field and assumed „volume fields”
(like radion field) can propagate in the fifth dimension.
2. Other fields and matter are confined to the branes.
3. In the simplest case branes cannot move
(we want to omitte problems with colliding branes )
Possible size of the fifth dimension.
There are two possibilities:
1. Additional dimension is so small that we cannot
observe it in our experiments (compactification).
maybe possible in future
2. We assume very special properties of the model
(space in the bulk, cosmological constant...).
Then we can have even infinite size of the fifth dimension
without violating known formula of gravitional force.
an example: Randall-Sundrum model
Some interesting proposals
Cyclic model
It is a cosmological theory alternative to the standard cosmology.
Basic features:
• the branes can move and collide with each other
• the brane collison from our 4d perspective looks like
a big crunch/big bang
• evolution of the universe is a sequence of quantum
and classical phases
• dark energy is described by radion field
Cyclic model is promising because:
It solves dark energy problem (proper potential of radion field).
It solves dark matter problem (matter on the second brane is
a dark matter from our perspective).
Problem: What happens when two branes collide?
It is expected that Quantum Gravity will answer this question.
4) Mathematical formalism
A) Modifications of General Relativity
The simplest way to obtain different (classical) theory of gravity
from General Relativity is to add some additional terms to the
Lagrangian of the Hilbert-Eistein action.
Terms that we want to add should be important only in small
scales because in the big scale limit we want to obtain GR.
These terms are called Euler densities of rank n ≥ 2.
They are proportional to second (and higher) power
of the curvature scalar.
On the other hand, Euler densities of rank higher than
one enter, in some natural way (inspired M-theory),
the brane-world scenario.
In 5d spacetime the only Euler density that has
a non-trivial dynamical content is for n=2.
It is called the Gauss-Bonnet term:
B) Lagrangian formulation of GR
Einstein equations can be derived from the Lagrangian
Making use of the variational principle gives:
C) Stacking solutions
Einstein equations are very difficult to solve because
they are nonlinear.
making assumptions about symmetries of the metric help to
find solutions
Stacking solutions are examples of this idea.
It is a procedure to build d+1 dimensional solutions of GR
starting from d dimensional ones by stacking d dimensional
metric into the extra dimension.
5) Some results of my work
I have considered one of the simplest models
of the brane-world scenario.
Basic features:
There are two branes with no Standard Model fields on them.
The branes are assumed not to move with respect to each other.
Stacking solutions procedure is used.
Metric tensor has the form:
Warp factor
Any 4d solution of
Einstein equations
Two cases are considered:
1) General Relativity in five dimensions
2) GR with Gauss-Bonnet term (Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet
gravity) in five dimensions
My goal was to obtain the following objects:
• Warp factor:
• Cosmological constants on the branes:
and
These objects plus the 4d metric tensor contain all
the information about considered model.
But, considered 4d metric can be any solution
of Einstein equations.
We have obtained a large class of 5d solutions.
Specific results (1)
For:
and
Ad.1) An ordinary General Relativity
For positive sign of R:
Where y0 is any non-zero number.
(a comfortable
convention)
Specific results (2)
For negative sign of R:
We have also:
Specific results (3)
Ad.2) Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity
For positive sign of R:
For negative sign of R:
Where:
Specific results (4)
We have also:
Where α multiplies Gauss-Bonnet term.
6) Conclusions
Generalization of GR
Resulting brane-world scenario can be used
to model the universe
Our central aim is to describe the classical phase
of the cyclic model.
We should:
• introduce Standard Model fields to the branes
• let the branes to move and introduce additional
volume fields