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What is the impact of residential street
environments on active lifestyles for older
people?
Catherine Millington
Susana Alves
Catharine Ward Thompson
Affonso Zuin
Peter Aspinall
OPENspace Research Centre,
Edinburgh College of Art
www.idgo.ac.uk
www.openspace.eca.ac.uk
Inclusive Design for Getting Outdoors
Consortium Projects
www.idgo.ac.uk
Engineering and Physical Science Research Council
EQUAL Programme
Extending Quality Life for older and disabled people
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I’DGO TOO Researchers
Edinburgh College of Art with Heriot-Watt and
Edinburgh Universities
Catharine Ward Thompson, Peter Aspinall, Archie Young, Anna
Orme, Susana Alves, Catherine Millington, Affonso Zuin
Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development,
Oxford Brookes University
Elizabeth Burton, Lynne Mitchell, Nicola Dempsey, Amanda
Griffin
SURFACE Inclusive Design Research Centre and
Centre for Rehabilitation and Human Performance
Research, University of Salford
Marcus Ormerod, Rita Newton, Christopher Nester, Laurence
Kenney, David Howard, Sibylle Thies, Hamish MacLennan,
Faruk Mohammad
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Project aims & objectives
Do Home Zones result in environments where older people:
• Go outside more often?
• Spend more time outside in the local
environment?
• Have better social networks?
• Have a better quality of life?
Home Zones & Shared Space Streets
• Home zones (originating in the Netherlands as ‘woornerf’)
are residential streets where pedestrians & vehicles share
the whole of the road space safely, & on equal terms, &
where quality of life takes precedence over ease of traffic
movement.
• The objective is to extend the benefits of
slow traffic speeds within residential
areas to give priority to non motorised
traffic.
• Residents are encouraged to use streets
in different ways, e.g. for social activities
and play.
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Common Components of HZ
•
•
•
•
•
Traditional forms of traffic calming (e.g. signage, road
humps) are not used
Shared space demarcated by changes to road
surfacing
Improved footpaths & cycleways
Planting (e.g. shrubs, trees) to
‘green’ the environment, provide
shelter & encourage people to
linger
Changes to street lighting to
improve perceptions of personal
safety
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Research Design
• Longitudinal study before & after Home Zone
or shared space principles are implemented
• People 65 years & older residing in the UK
• Study sites:
• Most of the sites are in areas of high
multiple deprivation.
• 8 shared space project sites in England &
Wales (Sustrans ‘DIY Streets’) & Edinburgh
new build HZ, plus matching control sites
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DIY: Brooke/Evering Rd - London
DIY: Castle St - Port Talbot
Control: Geldeston Rd - London
Control: Crown St - Port Talbot
Data Collection Methods
Structured interviews
Health
QoL
Perceptions of the physical environment
Frequency of going outdoors
Physical activity
Measured through the use of an accelerometer and activity diary for
the period of one week
Behavioural observations
Systematically observe activity patterns in streets
Street audits
Used to map out the physical features of streets
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Physical activity
Activity diaries & Accelerometers
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Physical activity counts per minute for one day from
accelerometer data collected from a participant
Moderate to
vigorous
physical
activity
(MVPA).
Numbers
indicate
consecutive
mins MVPA.
These bouts of MVPA occur shortly after participant leaves the house & shortly before returning possibly coinciding with walking to & from bus stop
2500
4
1
1
5
1
1
5
4
2000
1500
1000
500
0
09:00
09:19
09:38
09:57
10:16
10:35
10:54
11:13
11:32
11:51
12:10
12:29
12:48
13:07
13:26
13:45
14:04
14:23
14:42
15:01
15:20
15:39
15:58
16:17
16:36
16:55
17:14
17:33
17:52
18:11
18:30
18:49
19:08
19:27
19:46
20:05
20:24
20:43
21:02
21:21
21:40
21:59
22:18
22:37
22:56
23:15
23:34
23:53
Activity (counts per minute)
3000
Leaves house at 10:00. Goes to
post office walking & by bus & then
to Guild by bus. Returns home
16:10
Leaves house at
18:05. Goes dancing.
Gets there by walking
& by bus. Returns
home 21:15
Key
Time period outside
house
MVPA= Moderate to vigorous
physical activity, defined using
1951 counts per min as cut-off
point (Freedson et al.,1998)
Behaviour Observations
•30 minutes in the morning (9:30-10:00 AM) and afternoon (4:30-5:00 PM)
•Two days of the week (excluding Fridays & weekend)
•DIY & Control streets.
•In long streets (>1 km), observations were undertaken at either end of the
street; in shorter streets just one location.
The following were recorded for each person observed in a 30 minute
period:
• Age
• Gender
• Mobility
• Social interaction
• Physical activity
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Number of people per observation
• More people PM than AM
observations
• High variability between
observation sessions
• Highest number of people
observed in London
Brooke/Evering Control 2
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Age group & time of day
• Dominant age group is young
• Higher frequency of people aged 65+ AM
adults (20-40yrs)
than PM
• Very few people aged 65+
• More children, teenagers & young adults
PM than AM
Summary
Physical activity
• Experiential and objective measurements
• Linked activity diary & accelerometer data to identify
level of physical activity with type of activity when
participant is outdoors
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Summary
Behaviour observations
• Higher frequency of people observed during PM than
AM sessions
• Young adults are the dominant age group
• Approx 60% alone & 30% talking to another person
• Approx 70% walking & 10% cycling
• More people where high traffic, but more interaction
between people where light or medium traffic
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What are we doing next?
• Continue data analysis
(Interviews & complete
analysis of accelerometers &
activity diaries)
• Post-intervention data
collection
• Compare before & after HZ
developed
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References
• Freedson, P. S., Melanson, E., Sirard, J. (1998). Calibration of the
computer science and applications, Inc. accelerometer. Medicine &
Science in Sports & Exercise, 30(5), 777-781.
• Wojtek, J. et. al. (2009). Exercise and physical activity for older adults.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 1510-1530.
• Appleyard, D. (1981). Livable streets. Berkeley: University of California
Press.
• Hart, J. (2008). Driven to Excess: Impacts of motor vehicle traffic on
residential quality of life in Bristol, UK. MSc Transport Planning.
University of the West of England, Bristol.
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Websites
Visit our website
www.openspace.eca.ac.uk
I’DGO
www.idgo.ac.uk
Sustrans DIY streets
www.sustrans.org.uk/diystreets
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