Transcript The Migration to America

The Migration to America
The American History Story
Did you know?
• Before 1492 cultures
in America had almost
no contact with the
rest of the world?
How it all began…
• Ice Ages – 100, 000
years ago
– Much of earths water froze
into huge ice sheets known
as glaciers.
– As Ocean levels dropped –
there was an exposed area
of land connecting Asia and
Alaska (Beringia)
– The Land Bridge is where
the most evidence points to
for migration into America
Hey….Mrs. Kish
Didn’t others migrate another way?
• The Land Bridge – as
previously mentioned as
the land name Beringia.
• Some by boat- possibly
hugging the shoreline of
Beringia.
– (FYI – land bridge
submerged about 10,000
years ago- this area is now
a waterway called the
Bering Strait)
The other theories…
• Coastal Route Theory
• Pacific Crossing Theory
• Atlantic Crossing Theory
– Examine page 19 in your book to see the
different routes.
– What do you think?
• Not only does the land bridge theory make the
most sense and appears to be the easiest, this is
where the majority of evidence points to.
Native Americans
• Native Americans are
descended from Asians
who probably began
migrating to North
America approximately
15-30,000 years ago.
• How do we know
this?
• Radiocarbon dating
– A method scientists use to
determine the age of
objects by measuring
radioactivity left behind
(carbon 14) in fragments of
wood and bone
Mesoamerica
• The agricultural
revolution occurred
between 9-10,000
years ago.
• In the area known
today as Southern
Mexico and Central
America
First Crops
Pumpkins
Gourds
Squash
Beans
Peppers
Maize
Timeline for American Civilizations
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28,000 BC – Asians Migrate to North America
9000 BC – Populations reach tip of South America
8000 BC – Crops cultivate in Mesoamerica
1500 BC –Olmec culture emerges (Verecruz Mexico)
1000 BC –Adena culture thrives North America
200 BC – Hopewell culture in North America
200 AD – Mayan culture in Mesoamerica
300 AD – Hohokam in SW North America
800 AD – Toltitech dominate in Mesoamerica
1100 AD – Anasazi in 4 corners – Utah, Colorado, Arizona & New Mexico
1200 AD – Cahokia – Mississippians – population reaches 16,000
1325 – Aztec build Tenochtitlan (Mexico City today) – A might empire is started.
Olmec
Stone
Mask
By the time Native Americans Arrived,
Native Americans were in small groups
Southwest
Pacific Coast
West
Anasazi, Hohokam,
Zuni, Hopi, Pueblo,
Mississippian
Great Plains
Native
Americans
Far North
Intuit
Aleut
Eastern
Woodlands
Wampanoag,
Narragansett,
Pequot
Native American Cultures….
• Take a minute with your assigned group, to find
out about your assigned Native American group
and report back to the class in 5 minutes. See
pages 20-25 for help. (Region Mapping to be put
on board for notes for all of us)
Food
• Group 1- The Southwest
Supply
Groups
• Group 2 – The Pacific Coast
• Group 3 – The Great Plains
Group Name
• Group 4 – The Far North
• Group 5 – The Northeast
Customs or
Dwellings
Traditions
• Group 6 – The Southeast
or other
items of
interest.
African Cultures
• West – Ghana, Mali & Songhai – 3 empires
– Trading Gold & Salt
– Islam religion a major influence
• Central & Southern–
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Small village communities
Fishers & Farmers
Hunters & Gatherers
Women had more influence then in other parts of the world.
• Slavery –
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Slaves – people captured in war
Get out of slavery – by purchase, improving social status
Muslims – took non-Muslims captive as slaves
Arab traders and others – traded goods for slaves
Sugarcane Plantations in Europe increased slave trading
European Cultures
• Roman Empire – dominated much of
Europe for centuries. Imposing stable
social and political order.
• Middle Ages – Began after the fall of the
Roman Empire. Law and order vanished.
life did not expand beyond their
community.
European Society
• New Political System
Feudalism – a political
system in which nobles
gained land in exchange
for loyalty & military
support for the king.
• Manorialism
– The economic ties between
nobles and peasants.
• Peasants – worked for
land owners for pay and
protection.
– Serfs - were not sold and
could not leave without
permission, living with little
and working for the lords
manor/estate.
Crusades
• Introduced the western and eastern parts
of Europe, causing an increase in trade,
development of currency and the collapse
of the Mongol empire, a search for new
ways to get goods from Asia.
Other terms & Info
• Renaissance- intellectual
revolution from 1350-1600
• Astrolabe- navigational
instrument using the suns
position to determine direction.
• Carvel –small Portuguese ship
using sails, exploring shallow
inlets.
• Motive- a need or desire to
cause a person to act
• Technology – practical
application of knowledge
• Exploration- a discovery of
new things
• The Portuguese Exploration
– Under the rule of Prince Henry
the Navigator, great progress
in exploring, finding a water
route to Asia.
Europe Encounters America
• Columbus sought a sea route to Asia.
Instead, he landed in the America’s.
Please read Columbus—the Facts
Please highlight the parts you think are
accurate.
On your own – we will go over in class in
about 3 minutes.
What about the Vikings?
• People who came from Scandinavia,
known as the Vikings proven with
archaeological evidence to be the first
European to arrive in America.
– 700 AD – Viking ships – Longboats
– Leif Erickson – 1000 AD – Went to
Newfoundland. Tried to set up colonies but
did not have better weapons and were out
numbered by the Native Americans.
More about Spain & Columbus
• By 1400 most educated Europeans knew
that the world was round…but few details
and geography was known, most thought
the world was much smaller then it
actually was!
Spain sends Columbus
• 1492
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Columbus & 3 ships – Nina, Pinta & Santa Maria
Reached the Caribbean – The Bahamas
Called people Indians – thought he reached Indies.
Looking for Gold – found Cuba & Hispaniola
Damage to Santa Maria – Columbus leaves 40 men
in search of gold while he returns home.
– Returns with 17 ships and 1200 Spanish colonists.
– Men he left were killed and fort was destroyed.
Columbus & Hispaniola
• Many were looking for easy gold and unwilling to
work.
Some went back to Spain feeling mislead.
• Columbus determined explored further inland of
Hispaniola, finding enough loose gold to make
mining worthwhile.
• His brother Bartholomew founded Santo
Domingo, the first capital of Spain’s Empire in
America.
More Voyages
• 1498- northern coast of South America
• 1502 – American coastline from
Guatemala to Panama.
• Spain Claims America – early 1500’s
– Claiming Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica & Puerto
Rico and begin exploring the America
mainland.
Treaty of Tordesillas
• An agreement
between Spain &
Portugal on a dividing
line and rights to
discovery.
– Different from line of
demarcation created
by Pope Alexander VI
Naming of America
• Named after Amerigo Vespucci, who
repeated Columbus’s attempt to Asia. After
his second attempt he realized it was not
Asia and made his discovery widely known
and published in Europe.
• The new continent was later named
America after “Amerigo the discoverer”.
Ponce de Leon
• A Spanish Governor of Puerto Rico
– Sailed north in 1513- looking for the fountain
of youth discovered Florida (the land of the
flowers).
Ferdinand Magellan
• Sailed around South America in 1520, naming the Pacific
Ocean. He was the first to circumnavigate the world.
FYI – He died in the Philippines before returning. Of
the 237 men who set out on five ships to
circumnavigate the earth, only 18 completed the
circumnavigation of the globe and managed to return
to Spain in 1522 .
The Columbian Exchange
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Interactions between the people
and environments of Europe and
the Americas.
Native Americans
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Europeans
– Wheat, Oats, Barley
– Rye, Rice, Coffee
– Onions, Bananas
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Corn, squash, beans
Potatoes, peppers
Peanuts, Chocolate
Tobacco, chewing gum &
tomatoes
– Live Animals
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Canoe
Snowshoe
Poncho
Parka
Toboggan
– Weapons
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Chickens
Cattle
Pigs
Sheep
Horses
• Firearms
– Disease
• Influenza, Measles, Mumps
• Chicken pox & Small Px
Summary
• North America
– 30,000 - Asians to N.A.
– 9-10,000 – Ag Revolution
– To 1500’s – Various Native
American Cultures shape
the developed environment
– 1565-early 1600’s –
• Spanish & French
establish towns in
St. Augustine
Quebec
Santa Fe
• Africa
– 1300-1400 – arrival of
Arabs/Europeans lead
to beginning of slave
trade
• Europe
– 1400 - Gold/Sugarcane
discovery-lead to slaves
– 1400 (late) – Encounter
America, colonize area,
expansion of slave trade