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Management of Groundwater Resources Principles, Integrated Strategies and Trends
Priv.-Doz. Dr. Michael Schneider Freie Universität Berlin Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften Arbeitsbereich Hydrogeologie
www.fu-berlin.de/hydrogeologie
Berlin • 21 July 2003
Chapter I: Principles Chapter II: Experiences and Trends in Europe
M. Schneider: Management of Groundwater Resources ...
Groundwater Management
Assessment of interactions between groundwater exploitation and regional hydrologic system (surface water and groundwater) Management of the quantity and quality of water for all purposes, including - drinking water - industrial water - irrigation water - recreational use Resource management policies in reconciliation with: - environmental policies - agricultural policies - other economic policies
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Questions in the Frame of Groundwater Resources Development
Wells: Locations? How many? Pumping rates?
Effect of the pumping scheme on local and regional water levels?
Long-term yield capability of the wells, the aquifers, the basin?
Undesirable side effects of the development, e.g. land subsidence, seawater intrusion, upconing of deep saline groundwater, dry wetlands ?
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Failures in Groundwater Management
Management failures: Failures in the use and protection of groundwater resources Institutional failures: Fragmented, conflicting and uncoordinated management Market failures: Non-existant or inefficient demand management
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Dynamic Equilibrium in Natural Aquifers and Human Influence
Recharge Area Discharge Area Groundwater Basin
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Response of Recharge and Discharge to an increase in Groundwater Withdrawal
Recharge rate dS/dt: Rate of change of storage
+ -
Discharge rate Withdrawal rate Optimal Yield of a Groundwater basin ?
Water table = resulting from the withdrawals of all wells in the basin increased pumping rates: = max. available induced recharge is attained = no stable recharge rate possible = only source: increased dS/dt = rapidly declining water table = maximum stable basin yield is exeeded (according to: Freeze 1971)
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Concept of Groundwater Yield: The Scale Problem
Aquifer yield: Maximum rate of withdrawal without causing an unacceptable decline in the hydraulic head in the aquifer Well yield: Maximum pumping rate of a single well without lowering the water level in the well below the pump intake Basin yield: Maximum rate of withdrawal that can be sustained by the complete hydrogeologic system in a groundwater basin without causing an unacceptable decline in the hydraulic head in the aquifer
If pumping rates of all wells in a highly developed aquifer are equal to their well yield
Aquifer yield will be exeeded M. Schneider: Management of Groundwater Resources ...
Concept of Safe Yield
Safe yield of a groundwater basin: Amount of water that can be withdrawn from the basin annually without producing an undesired result. Any withdrawal in excess of safe yield is an overdraft (Todd 1959).
„undesired“ results (after Domenico, Kazman and others): - depletion of groundwater reserves - intrusion of water of undesirable quality - contravention of water rights - deterioration of the economic advantages of pumping - excessive depletion of surface waters by induced inflitration - land subsidence
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Groundwater Management: Controlling and Monitoring
GW Withdrawal/Artificial Recharge (Q E ) Groundwater Recharge (Q R ) Natural Discharge (Q D )
Groundwater System h = f(Q R , Q D , Q E , S, T, x, y, t)
Water Demand Management: - Pricing - Regulations, Laws - Demand Forecasting - Information and Education Hydraulic Head (h) Water Quality
M. Schneider: Management of Groundwater Resources ...
Chapter I: Principles Chapter II: Experiences and Trends in Europe
M. Schneider: Management of Groundwater Resources ...
UNCED, Rio de Janeiro 1992: Agenda 21
Chapter 18: Protection of Quality and Quantity of the fresh water resources • Idea of sustainability: Integration of environmental aspects into different policy fields : Consideration of ecological, economical and social spects; consideration of the needs of all consumers • Integrated management on the basis of catchment areas • Sustainable food production: efficient use of water, protection of waters • Consideration of total costs of all planning and exploitation activities • Consideration of the effect of climate change • Promotion of the international scientific cooperation and education • Development of national activity plans: Demand for „local agendas 21“
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European Union
EG-Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EG, 22.12.2000: • Implementation of a modern european water right • Groundwater body: protect, improve, remediate; Balance between withdrawal and recharge; Def. „available groundwater resource“ European Council of Göteborg/Committee for Economic and Social Affairs (21.2.2002): • „Sustainable development“ as a new vision for the future of Europe; effective for employment and economic growth • Sustainable management in some cases not economic (under recent conditions) • Investment in education and research Report of the Commission 2002/0132: Priorities for the cooperation with non-member states: • Integrated management of soil and water resources = key for a secure food production and water supply • Sustainable management of transboundary water resources • Education; Implementation of networks
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Principles of a Sustainable Water Management: Principle of regionalisation Principle of integration Principle „Polluter pays“ Principle of cooperation P. of minimal resource exploitation Principle of prevention Source-oriented principle Principle of reversal Principle of „intergeneration“
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(Federal Environmental Agency, Germany) Exploitation of local resources Ecology + Economy + Social conditions Groundwater contamination: Polluter pays Participation of all relevant groups/persons Reduction of groundwater withdrawal to a minimum; reduction of energy consumption Gw protection areawide; voluntary measures Source-oriented remediation measures Management measures should be reversible Protection of the water resources for future generations; Liberalization of the water market ?
Trends in Water Management
Structural change in the water sector: Privatization and concentration of water supply companies („multy utility companies“) World market for drinking water: 50 billion EUR/year (EU Comm.); increasing water consumption on global scale/water shortages/quality problems Number of water companies per 1 mio consumers: Germany: 88; Netherland: 4.4; England: 0.7; France: 0.1
Drinking water consumption in Germany: 130 l/capita per day (constant); rising water prices Consequences of privatization (economic pressure) for the quality of water supply are unclear Demand for consideration of the principle of sustainability
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Management of Water Resources in Berlin
Waste water treat. plant Basic data: • Population: 3,6 Mio.
• 127/180 l per capita per day (-/+ industry) • Bank filtered water in raw water: 40-90 % • High percentage of treated waste water in bank filtered water • Depletion of streamflow in river Spree Water Budget: Treated waste water Recharge: discharge • Natural gw-recharge:
Moraine (Till)
in Mio. m 3 150 50 • Bank filtration : Surface water treatment plant 100-180 Withdrawal: • Berlin Water Works: recharge 250-260 • Self-supplier: 10-18 Aspects of Sustainability: Berlin is „self-supplier“ Raw water treatment (no chlorination) Optimal network management Management of rainwater = Protection of groundwater resources; low depth to gw = „healthy climate“ in urban area Closing of water and material cycles: Precondition for a sustainable urban development (Kartengrundlage: Berliner Wasserbetriebe 1998)
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Summary:
• Balance between Recharge and Groundwater withdrawal; concept of safe yield • Consideration of time-dependent changes of R and D under increased pumpage • Consideration of economic and social aspects • Integrated management of soil and groundwater resources • Consideration of climate change on hydrologic budgets • Urban/Industrial areas: Closing of water cycles; if possible • Agriculture: Reduction of water consumption • Trend in Europe: Privatization and concentration in the water sector
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