Introduction to Medical Terminology
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Transcript Introduction to Medical Terminology
Introduction to Medical
Terminology
CONCORDE CAREER COLLEGE, PORTLAND
ST110
Objectives
List the three basic word components.
Identify and define word roots.
Recite and apply the rules for combining multiple
roots into a compound word.
Objectives
Identify word parts and their role in forming medical
terms
Analyze unfamiliar terms
Define commonly used prefixes, word roots,
combining forms, and suffixes
Objectives
Pronounce medical terms correctly
Recognize the importance of spelling medical
terms correctly
Correctly use abbreviations
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce medical
terms
Word Components
Important Terms:
Anatomy
The study of the structure or morphology of the body
and how the body parts are organized
Physiology
The study of the functions of body parts, what they do
and how they do it.
Pathophysiology
The study of the diseases of the body.
Word Parts
Four Types
Word Roots- The foundation of medical terms.
Usually describes part of the body
Combining Forms- /o
Prefixes- Beginning of the word
Suffixes- Added to the end of a complete word
Word Components
Word Roots
The basic foundation of a word to which components are
added
Use the word derm, dermat, derma
Add/Subtract components to form larger words
Hypodermic
Dermatologist
Dermabrasion
Word Root
Usually describe body part involved
heminephroplasty
May also indicate color
Examples: cyan/o, erythr/o
cyanosis erythrocyte
My/o - _______
Poli/o ________
Word Components
Combining Form
When a word root is combined with a vowel
Helps in pronunciation so the word will flow
Most of the time the vowel is an “o”, but sometimes “i”
Dermatology
Dermatoplasty
Prefixes
Added to beginning of word
Usually indicates location, time, or number
heminephroplasty
Some can be similar in spelling, but opposite in
meaning
Prefixes
Pre Peri Post Ab Dys Hyper Hypo Brady Tachy-
DysAnti-
Suffixes
Added to the end of a word root
Usually indicates procedure, condition, disorder or
disease
tonsillitis
tonsillectomy
Can mean pertaining to, abnormal condition
Also used as a noun, to indicate pathology, or
relate to the type of procedure
Suffixes
Can be used as noun endings
Name of person, place or thing
In medical terminology, suffixes can change the
word root into a noun.
EX. Cranium
Crani- skull
Um- Single noun ending
Appendix A
Suffixes
“Pertaining to”
Adjective- describes or defines a thing
In medical terminology, suffixes can change the
word root into an adjective
EX. Cardiac
Cardi – Heart
Ac- pertaining to
Suffixes
Abnormal condition or disease
EX gastrosis
Gastro- Stomach
Osis- Abnormal Condition or disease
Suffixes
Related to pathology
Study of all aspects of diseases.
Path - Disease
Ology – Abnormal Condition or disease
Describe specific disease conditions
Gastralgia
Gastr - Stomach
Algia – Pain and Suffering
Suffixes
Common Medical
Common Surgical
-osis:
-ac:
-algia:
-itis:
-malacia:
-necrosis:
-stenosis:
-otomy
-ectomy
-plasty
-ostomy
- rrhaphy
-pexy
-lysis
-scopy
-graphy
-desis
“Double R” Suffixes
rrhage - ____________
rraphy - ____________
rrhea - ____________
rrhexis - ____________
How Can I Determine the Meaning of a Word Just by Looking
At It?
Take the term apart
Guess
Use a medical dictionary
Use additional resources
Word Structure Rules
A prefix is placed at the
beginning of the word
(always)
Anuria
Endocardium
A suffix is placed at the end of
the word root (always)
Cardiology
Carditis
More than one word root
in a word creates the need
for combining vowels to
connect the roots. This
creates combining forms
used in compound words.
Hematologist
Cytology
Word Structure Rules
Compound words are
usually composed in this
order:
combining form + word
root + suffix
-leuk/o/cyt/osis
Defining a medical word
usually begins with
defining the suffix first
and continuing to read
backwords through the
word as you define it.
Cardiomegaly
Word Structure Rules
When a medical word
has a prefix, the
definition of the word
usually begins with
defining the suffix first,
the prefix second and the
root(s) last.
When a medical word
identifies body systems or
parts, the definition of the
word usually begins with
defining the suffix first,
then defining the organs
in the order in which they
are studied in the
particular body system.
Using a Medical Dictionary
Spelling
If you don’t know how to spell the word, sound it out and write
it down
If that doesn’t work, look for alternative spellings based on the
beginning sound
Spelling
ACCURACY is extremely important
Changing just one or two letters can change the
entire meaning of a word
Example: “ileum” is a part of the small intestine, and “ilium” is
part of the hip bone
nephrectomy
root suffix
nephr/ectomy
kidney/surgical removal of
The surgical removal of the a kidney
nephroplasty
root cv suffix
nephr/o/plasty
kidney/surgical repair
Surgical repair of a kidney
gastroenteritis
root cv root suffix
gastr/o/enter/itis
stomach / small intestine /inflammation of
Inflammation of the stomach & small intestine
Singulars and Plurals
There are unusual rules for changing a singular word
into a plural one
The rules are foreign to us because most medical
terms are of Greek or Latin origins
The Rules
If a word ends in “a”, the plural will have an “e”
added. Ex. Bursa to bursae
If it ends in “ex” or “ix”, change it to “ices”
Ex. Appendix becomes appendices
If the term ends in “um”, change it to an “a”
Ex. Ovum changes to ova
See table 1.9 (MTHP) for the others pg. 13
Don’t Panic!!!!
All of these rules may seem overwhelming, but they
will soon become second nature
If in doubt, look for the plural form in a medical
dictionary
Abbreviations
Frequently used as a short-hand method of writing
long and complex words or phrases
Some can be confusing, so watch out!
Example: BE means “below elbow” and “barium enema”
A patient would be UPSET if these two terms were
confused!
Basic Terms
Sign
Symptom
Syndrome
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Acute
Chronic
remission
Review
What
parts?
are the four types of word
Review
What
are the four types of word
parts?
Word roots, combining forms, suffixes, prefixes
Review
What does a word root usually describe?
Review
What does a word root usually describe?
The body part involved
Review
Where is a suffix added to a word?
Review
Where is a suffix added to a word?
At the end of a root word
Review
What are some examples of “Double R” suffixes?
Review
What are some examples of “Double R” suffixes?
-rrhaphy, -rrhage, -rrhea, -rrhexis
Review
What part of the root word are prefixes added to?
Review
What part of the root word are prefixes added to?
The beginning of the word
Review
Is accuracy important when spelling a medical term?
Review
Is accuracy important when spelling a medical term?
ABSOLUTELY!!!
Review
What are some examples of basic medical terms?
Review
What are some examples of basic medical terms?
Sign, symptom, syndrome, acute, chronic…
Introduction to Medical
Terminology: Prefixes
CONCORDE CAREER COLLEGE, PORTLAND
ST110
Objectives
Identify and define prefixes
Recite and apply the rules for combining a prefix to a
root word
Prefixes
Prefixes are attached directly to the beginning of a
word
Endocardium
Dysuria
The meaning of a prefix will not change from word to
word
A-always means absence of
Bi-always means two or double
Prefixes that Express Numbersindicate one, two or three or single, half,
double
Bi-
Quadri-
Hemi-
Semi-
Milli-
Tetra-
Mono-
Tri-
Nulli-
Uni-
Primi-
Prefixes that Express Measurementindicate quantity or excessive or below
conditions
Hyper Hyp Hypo Multi Poly-
Prefixes that Express Position and/or
Directiondescribe a location
Ab-
Endo-
Ad-
Epi-
Ambi-
Ex-
Ante-
Extra-
Circum-
Hypo-
De-
In-
Dia-
Infra-
Ecto-
Inter-
Position/Direction Continued
Intra-
Retro-
Juxta-
Sub-
Meso-
Supra-
Para-
Trans-
Peri Pre Pro-
Prefixes and Combining Forms to
Express Colorcolors of reactions, infections, body fluids
Alb-
Jaund/o
Albin/o
Leuk/o
Chlor/o
Melan/o
Cirrh/o
Poli/o
Cyan/o
Purpur/o
Eosin/o
Rube-
Erythr/o
Xanth/o
Glauc/o
Prefixes to Express Negatives-
not, without, lack of or against
A-
Dis-
An-
Im-
Ana-
In-
Anti-
Non-
Contra-
Introduction to Medical
Terminology: Suffixes & Pleural
CONCORDE CAREER COLLEGE, PORTLAND
ST110
Objectives
Identify and define suffixes
Recite and apply the rules for combining a suffix to a
root word
Recite and apply the rules for changing from singular
to plural word forms
Objectives
Demonstrate word-building skills by effectively
using accurate written and verbal communication
Identify abbreviations for medical terms
Identify and define medical specialties and
specialists by recognizing the basic word
components
Objectives
Identify and define medical conditions by
recognizing the basic word components
Identify and define diagnostic and surgical
procedures and the instruments used by recognizing
the basic word components
Suffix Rules
When a suffix begins with a consonant, a
combining vowel is used with the word root that
attaches to the suffix
1.
•
Example- abdominopelvic
abdomin + o +pelv(ic)
Suffix Rules
When a suffix begins with a vowel, the word root
attaches directly to the suffix without the aid of a
combining vowel
1.
•
Example- dorsal
dors + al
Suffix Rules
When defining a medical term, begin the
definition by defining the suffix first
1.
•
Example- gastritis
Plural Words-changing from singular to plural
Change the –a to –ae
A.
•
•
•
pleura
vertebra
ampulla
pleurae
vertebrae
ampullae
Plural Words
Change the –ax to –aces
A.
•
thorax
thoraces
Plural Words
A.
Change the –is to –es
crisis
diagnosis
prognosis
crises
diagnoses
prognoses
Plural Words
Change –ix, -ex, -yx to –ices
A.
•
•
•
appendix
index
coccyx
appendices
indices
coccices
Plural Words
Change the –on to –a
A.
•
•
ganglion
ganglia
phenomenon phenomena
Plural Words
Change the –um to –a
A.
•
•
•
bacterium
datum
epithelium
bacteria
data
epithelia
Plural Words
Change the –us to –i
A.
•
•
•
thrombus
bronchus
coccus
thrombi
bronchi
cocci
Plural Words
Change the –ma to –mata
A.
•
•
•
stoma
fibroma
sarcoma
stomata
fibromata
sarcomata
Noun Suffixes
These suffixes make a word into a noun (person,
place or thing)
-a
-ate
-e
-emia
-er
-esis
-e
-ia
-iatry
-ion
-ism
-ist
-ole -osis
-tion
-ula
-ule -um
-us
-y
Adjective Suffixes
These describe the word root they are attached to.
(The red chair.)
-ac
-al
-ar
-eal -ic
-ical
-oid-ory
-ous
-ary
-ile
-tic
Specialties and Specialists
These are the most common
-ician
-iatrics
-iatrist
-iatry
-ian
-logist
-ist
-logy
Instruments and Procedures
Performed in a medical office, out-patient or
hospital
-centesis
-ectomy
-graphy
-meter
-plasty
-scopy
-tripsy
-clasis
-gram
-ize
-metry
-rrhaphy
-stomy
-desis
-graph
-lysis
-pexy
-scope
-tomy