Transcript Document
Latest Trends and New Enhancements in 3G Wireless Communications
Rao Yallapragada Senior Director, Qualcomm Inc.
April 12, 2004
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
Presentation Outline
•
3G Reported Subscribers
•
3G CDMA Evolution
•
Voice and Data Capacity Evolution of 3G Technologies
•
New Enhancements in 3G Technologies
–
CDMA2000 1x
–
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
–
WCDMA
•
Summary
2
3G Wireless Subscriber Growth
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
3G CDMA Reported* Subscribers
(As of March 30, 2004)
85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Mar Apr May June July Source: www.3Gtoday.com
88.2 million 6.46 million 4.31 million Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
4
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
3G CDMA is Well Established & Growing
Now in Use in Two Flavors: CDMA2000 ® and WCDMA Over 98M Subscribers, 75 Operators, 37 Countries, 430 Handsets, 43 Vendors
Worldwide CDMA Subscriber Evolution Forecast (Millions) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2000 2001 2002 September >174M subs 2003 2004 2005 2006 Future 2007 2008 2G CDMA 3G CDMA 3G WCDMA
5
Source: Strategy Analytics, April 2003 and www.3gtoday
as of December 2003, CDG September 2003
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
Operators Expanding Data Services With CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
5 Commercial Operators
Coming Soon Over $1 billion EV-DO national rollout over next 2 years (PT Mobile-8) Over 5M EV-DO subscribers as of January 2004 Pelephone (Telecsa Ecuador) Launched November 2003 5500 2.4 Mbps gpsOne ARM 7 6500 6550 6800 2.4 Mbps gpsOne ARM 9 2.4 Mbps Higher resolution video/graphics Camera to 4 megapixel 3.1Mbps
megapixel
6
Latest Trends and Driving Factors
•
High Intensity Multi-Media Capabilities
–
More efficiency in multi-media content delivery
•
Enhancements to support Quality of Service
•
Efficient and flexible Packet based Video Telephony
•
Support for VoIP and Low-latency applications, e.g., Gaming applications
•
Instant Multi Media (IMM)
•
Broadcast and Multicast services
•
High Speed Data on both Up and Down Links
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
“Push to See” Samsung SCH V310 5500 6500
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3G CDMA Evolution
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
3G CDMA Evolution Designed for In-Band Migration and New Spectrum 2G CDMA 2.5G CDMA cdmaOne In - Band Migration and Voice & Data IS - 95A IS-95B 14.4 kbps data Soft Handoff Synchronous Timing 64 kbps packet data
− Channel Concatenation
3G CDMA 1.25 MHz Optimized for Data CDMA2000 1xEV-DO IS-856, Rel. 0 Enhancements Dedicated & Optimized For Packet Data 2.4 Mbps Peak Rates All IP Architecture QoS, Broadcast, Personal Media, IMM ,2x Rel. A Fwd & Rev. Capacity Gains Forward Link: Peak Rate 3.1 mbps Reverse Link: Peak Rate 1.8 mbps Additional voice capacity doubling
- Terminal antenna diversity
CDMA2000 1X 1xEV-DV IS-2000 Rel. 0 Double voice capacity
− Fast Fwd Power Control − Coherent Uplink
153.6 kbps packet data
− Turbo Codes
Rel. A 307 kbps packet data Simultaneous voice and data Rel. B Rel. C Rel. D Improvements to data services.
More flexible data packet scheduling.
Forward Link: Peak Rate: 3.1 mbps Reverse Link: Peak Rate: 1.8 mbps Designed for New Spectrum 5 MHz Voice & Data UMTS (WCDMA) HSDPA EUL 3GPP Rel. 99 Rel. 4 Rel. 5 Rel. 6 64/384 kbps cs/packet data Soft handoff Asynchronous timing Improvements to data services More flexible data packet scheduling Enhanced Up-Link
9
Voice Capacity Evolution of 3G Technologies
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004 10
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
Data Capacity Evolution of 3G Technologies
11
New Enhancements in 3G Wireless Technologies
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
CDMA2000 Standards Status IS-95A/B Done 1x Release 0 Done 1x/3x Release A Done 1x/3x Release B cdma2000 family Done 1x Revision C (1xEV-DV FL) Done 1x Revision D (1xEV-DV RL) Publish Date: March 2004 Done 1xEV-DO Revision 0 1xEV-DO Revision A Publish Date: March 2004 Arrow denotes evolution of standard, maintaining backward compatibility
13
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
CDMA2000 1X Enhancements
• •
Capacity Enhancements via Mobile Receive Diversity and SMV Vocoders Release C Enhancements
–
Introduces 1xEV-DV and a new data mode for the forward link
–
New Forward Packet Data Channel ( F-PDCH )
• • •
High data rate, rapidly time-shared among users Dynamic modulation and coding based on channel condition Forward Link Data Rates up to 3.1 Mbps
14
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
CDMA2000 Release D Enhancements
• • • • •
Simultaneous wireless voice and bi-directional high speed data on a single RF carrier Reverse Link Enhancements
–
Hybrid ARQ
• •
Re-transmit & combine, similar to 1xEV-DV FL Synchronous re-transmissions
– – – – –
MAC-layer control of data transmissions Higher peak data rates: ~ 1.8 Mbit/s Fast scheduling with shorter variable duration frames Base station supervised rate control Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Fast Call Setup Backward compatible with IS-95 and CDMA2000 Releases 0, A, B & C Expected Date of Commercial Deployments: Y2005
15
Throughput gains with proposed enhancements
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
500.00
450.00
400.00
350.00
300.00
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
20ms - 1Transmission (~1x Revision C) 10ms - 2Transmissions 10ms - 3Transmissinons 5ms - 4Transmissions 1x Revision D candidates
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1xEV-DV: Overview
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
Introduction to 1xEV-DV
• •
CDMA2000 1x FL currently has 3 modes of transmitting data:
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Fundicated Channel (F-FCH / F-DCCH)
• •
Low rate data, circuit-switched like One to each MS
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Supplemental Channel (F-SCH)
• •
Higher rate data, packet data or circuit-switched Typically time-shared among users, ~160 ms at a time
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Broadcast Control Channel (F-BCCH)
• •
Small payloads, low rate, large latencies SMS-like data Introduces a new Packet Data Channel ( F-PDCH ) :
– – –
Called as FL Radio Configuration 10 High rate, rapidly time-shared among users Uses adaptive modulation and coding schemes
18
E
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
CDMA2000 Compatibility
•
CDMA2000 Revision C is fully backward compatible:
–
IS-95A or newer mobile stations can operate in a Revision C cell
–
1xEV-DV capable mobiles can do data on older systems F-SCH Base Station supporting Revision C Base Station supporting Revision 0
19
E
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
1xEV-DV: Key Concepts
•
Maximizes the use of Forward Link resources
– –
Forward Transmit power and Code channel Resources
•
Allocates left-over power to the packet data channel (PDCH)
•
Data to different users are TDM’d on F-PDCH
•
Uses advanced communication techniques:
– – – –
Channel-sensitive scheduling Multi-user diversity Adaptive modulation and coding Incremental redundancy
20
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
1xEV-DV Dynamic Resource Allocation Supplemental Channel(s) 1x BTS Transmit Power Fundamental Channels Overhead Channels Packet Data Channel 1xEV-DV BTS Transmit Power Time Maximum Fundamental Channels Overhead Channels Dedicated & Common CHs Time Leftovers pooled into PDCH Maximum Walsh Space
– –
Pool unused power and code channels into F-PDCH Transmission must adapt to dynamics in resources Time
21
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
F-PDCH Time-Sharing
For User 1 For User 2 BTS Transmit Power Fundamental and Supplemental Channels Overhead Channels Time Maximum
22
E
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
4 Key Principles of 1xEV-DV
1) Rapid Adaptive modulation and coding for each transmission Adapt parameters based on: a. Available BTS resources b. Amount of data to transmit c. Channel condition Allows the full use of available resources 2) Transmit for short durations of time Transmission durations of 1.25 ms to 5 ms: Minimizes variations during transmission period due to: a. Available resources b. Channel conditions
23
E
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
4 Key Principles of 1xEV-DV
3) Transmit to only 1 (or 2) users at a time Wait, and transmit to a user when the user’s channel is at its best Avoids wasting power trying to get a packet through the channel when it has faded away 4) Provide a method for fast and efficient re-transmission Also called as Adaptive Asynchronous Incremental Redundancy technique Get ACK or NAK back fast from the MS Combine transmissions and re-transmissions for better decoding Allows to be very aggressive and transmit at highest data rate possible
24
E
1xEV-DO: New Enhancements Revision A
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
What’s Next for CDMA2000 1xEV-DO?
Multimedia Services, Increase Data Rates and System Capacity, and Lower Costs
Quality of Service (QOS) Different levels of priority Receive Diversity 4X capacity in 1.25 MHz Instant Multi-media Audio and video together Personal Media Multiple channels of video/audio Equalizer Increase sector capacity 20-60% 2x Multicarrier Two 1xEV-DO carriers simultaneously, doubling data rates Location-based services (LBS) High resolution locations
27
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
1xEV-DO Release A Enhancements
•
Capacity Improvement relative to existing 1xEV-DO systems
–
Higher Data Rates on both Forward and Reverse Links
–
Better utilization of PL throughput with improved RL MAC algorithms
•
QOS Support with improved Latency Characteristics
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Low, Bounded Latency for CBR applications (VoIP, Gaming etc.)
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Low, Transient Latency for sporadic, interactive traffic (Telnet etc.)
•
Similar link budget as the current system
•
Backward compatibility and Interoperability with legacy DO systems
28
Physical and MAC Layer Features
•
Reverse Link
–
Physical Layer Hybrid ARQ: “CDMA with Hybrid ARQ”
–
Flexible Packet Length
–
Higher Peak Rate (153.6 kbps
1.8 Mbps)
–
Finer Rate Quantization
–
Enhanced MAC Algorithms
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Improved Latency Performance and Better QoS Support
•
Forward Link
–
Improved Packing Efficiency
–
Higher Peak Rate (2.4 Mbps
3.1 Mbps)
–
Improved QoS Support
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004 29
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
Physical Layer ARQ Timeline
RL Sub-Packets
(RL Subframe) 4 slots Interlace Period 12 slots
Pkt 0 Pkt 1 Pkt 2 Pkt 3
Pkt 1'
Pkt 4 Pkt 3'
Pkt 1'' NAK P C NAK P C ACK P C NAK P C ACK P C NAK P C NAK P C ACK P C 4 slots 3 slots 1 slot (Three) Packet Intelaces
FL ARQ Channel
Power Control Slots 31
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
Key Factors to Better Performance
•
Capacity Improvement
–
Higher Data Rates and Finer Quantization
• •
Data rates ranging from 4.8 kbps to 1.8 Mbps Smoother rate transitions and interference variation
–
Improved code rates and higher order modulation for large packets
• •
QPSK modulation introduced Data channel spreading uses either or both of 2-ary and 4-ary Walsh code channel
•
Code rate 1/5 for all 16-slot packets
–
Hybrid ARQ with IR
•
Enables packet to early terminate in the presence of channel variation and imperfect power control
32
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
Key Factors to Better Performance
•
Latency Improvement
–
Ability to start a new packet at 4-slot boundaries
–
Terminals have the ability to boost transmit power to force packet termination after the first, second or third sub packets
•
The power boost procedure is regulated by RL MAC
•
Flexibility in the choice of Payload Size Vs. Data Rate combinations
–
Bigger/Longer Packets provide more coding gain, time diversity, and are more capacity-efficient
–
Smaller/Shorter Packets provide better packing efficiency (for low rate traffic) and are more delay-efficient
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Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
Throughput & Latency Results CDMA RL without ARQ and 600 Hz PC) Chan. Num Sect Cap AvgROT Latency Model AT kbps dB ms
A B C D E 16 16 16 16 16 404 351 350 396 505 5.3
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.2
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
A B C D E 8 8 8 8 8 403 361 358 394 487 4.5
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.6
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
3 k m/h 10 k m.h
30 k m/h 120 k m/h Rician 3 k m/h 10 k m.h
30 k m/h 120 k m/h Rician
8-slot ARQ [ 2 subpackets ] with 200Hz PC Chan.
Model
A B C D E A B C D E
Num Sect Cap AvgROT 4-sl ET Latency AT
12 12 12 12 12 8 8 8 8 8
kbps
459 414 415 465 589 460 415 412 448 550
dB
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.2
5.2
5.1
5.1
5.0
4.9
4.8
%
84.4
71.9
74.4
71.6
49.3
83.6
72.3
73.7
68.0
47.5
ms
13.1
15.6
15.1
15.7
20.1
13.3
15.5
15.3
16.4
20.5
3 k m/h 10 k m.h
30 k m/h 120 k m/h Rician 3 k m/h 10 k m.h
30 k m/h 120 k m/h Rician
Chan.
Model
A B C D E A B C D E
16-slot ARQ [ 4 subpackets ] with 200Hz PC NumAT Sect Cap AvgROT 4-sl ET 8-sl ET 12-sl ET Latency 200Hz kbps dB % % % ms
16 16 16 16 16 613 590 571 593 707 5.7
6.1
6.2
5.5
5.5
12.3
10.7
16.6
11.2
0.6
62.6
53.4
63.7
59.4
32.1
90.9
89.7
91.7
90.7
85.8
36.8
39.3
35.6
37.8
46.3
8 8 8 8 8 615 595 577 587 689 4.8
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.8
7.6
8.0
11.1
6.2
0.2
61.5
51.9
59.8
55.6
30.6
90.3
88.5
91.0
90.5
85.8
38.1
40.3
37.6
39.5
46.7
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Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
Performance Evaluation
•
Preliminary simulation results show
–
Near 50% improvement in capacity over Rev. 0 with similar latency performance
•
10 AT/sector ~ Capacity = 600 kbps
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Over 60% improvement in latency reduction over Rev. 0 with similar capacity performance
•
Tradeoff between capacity and latency tradeoff
–
Use bigger and longer packets for higher capacity
–
Use smaller and shorter packets to achieve lower latency
35
New Enhancements in WCDMA Technologies
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
3G WCDMA is Here Today
QUALCOMM WCDMA Handset Estimate As of January 21, 2004 15M 6 4M 1 3 2003 Est.
ROW 9 2004 Est.
Europe Source: DoCoMo Q3’03 Earnings 2M subs in Japan Jan 2004, FOMA coverage area from 98% to 99% by the end of FY03
37
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
WCDMA Enhancements
• • •
Release 4 Enhancements
– – –
All-IP Core Network Efficient IP support Expected Date of Commercial Deployments: Y2004 Release 5 Enhancements
–
High Speed Packet Data Channel (HSPDA)
• • • •
Peak Data Rates: 14.4 Mbps Average Sector Throughput: 2.2 to 4.2 Mbps in 5 MHz spectrum Modulation Schemes: QPSK & 16-QAM Expected Date of Commercial Deployments: Y2005 Release 6 Enhancements
–
Enhanced Uplink (EUL)
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WCDMA HSDPA: Overview Release 5
HSDPA Features
•
Overlay on top of regular R’99 W-CDMA Channels
•
New Forward Link Data Channel similar to EV-DV
•
Hybrid ARQ
–
Incremental Redundancy
– – –
Soft Combining Modulation Rearrangement Fast Re-transmissions
•
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
–
Channel sensitive scheduling
•
Based on Channel Quality Information feedback
– –
Adaptive/Asynchronous re-transmissions Higher order modulation (QPSK & 16QAM)
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004 40
Features (cont.)
•
CDM to be able to schedule multiple users in parallel
•
Mobility achieved through higher layer signaling
•
Associated Dedicated Channel
–
Maximum spreading factor SF256
–
Used to transmit higher layer signaling
•
Multiple UE capabilities
–
Modulation (support for 16QAM)
– –
Number of codes Inter-TTI time (Nb of HARQ processes)
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004 41
Deployment Aspects
•
Higher data-rates through the back-bone
– –
10Mbps peak rate 2Mbps average rate
•
More complex Node-B
– –
Protocol termination Scheduling/Rate selection
•
UE Capabilities
– – –
Support of different UE classes Varying performance / complexity / costs 12 different classes
• • •
From 900kbps-14.4Mbps peak rate Support for 16QAM Support for 5/10/15 SF16 Codes
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004 42
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
HSDPA Performance
•
Theoretical limit
– –
14.4Mbps (3840kcps*15/16*4) Essentially impossible to obtain in the field
•
Practical limit
– – – –
10Mbps (3840kcps*15/16*4*3/4) A single active UE in the network Highest capabilities Very close to the BTS
•
Average data-rate based on simulations
– –
2.5Mbps for full capability UEs 2Mbps for limited capability UEs (5/15 codes, no 16QAM)
43
WCDMA EUL: Overview Release 6
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
WCDMA Enhancements
•
Release 6 Enhancements
–
Enhanced Uplink (EUL)
• • • • • •
Increased average cell throughput Peak Data Rates: 4 Mbps Uses adaptive Modulation Schemes Uses QPSK Modulation Hybrid-ARQ Protocols EUL will be strictly scheduled
– – – –
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Systems (MBMS) MIMO Techniques and Beam forming Enhancements Expected Data of Completion of Standards: Dec 2004 Expected Date of Commercial Deployments: Y2006
45
EUL Design Goals
•
Increase average cell throughput
–
Peak throughput is not a major driving factor
•
Node-B scheduling
–
Reduced turn-around time
•
Improved link efficiency
–
Boosted phase reference
–
Retransmissions with IR
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004 46
EUL Baseline Design Proposal
• • • • • • •
Node-B Scheduled system TTI = 2 ms or 10 ms
– –
UE allowed to use only one TTI Typical mapping based on UE SHO status Modulation
–
QPSK SF = 4
–
Maximum number of OVSF codes = 3 HARQ
–
Synchronous operation Retransmissions
– –
4 redundancy versions Incremental redundancy (IR) Peak Rate
– –
4.096 Mbps with 2 ms TTI 819.2 kbps with 10 ms TTI
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004 47
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004 • • • •
Summary
3G wireless services are rapidly spreading the global market place with CDMA as the preferred technology solution The following are the key 3G Technologies that have emerged to be the key commercial players:
– – –
CDMA2000 1X CDMA2000 1xEV-DO WCDMA The main focus of 3G so far has been to provide high capacity voice and higher downlink data throughput
– – –
26 Erlangs in 1.25 MHz voice capacity with CDMA2000 1x 1.15 Mbps in 1.25 MHz downlink average sector throughput with 1xEV-DO 51 Erlangs in 5 MHz voice capacity with WCDMA A host of new enhancements are underway for all flavors of 3G CDMA technologies
– – – – – –
More Capable Uplink Provision for higher data rates for both Up and Down links All IP, QoS and Support for Multimedia applications 3.1 Mbps in 1.25 MHz carrier Downlink Peak Data Rates with 1xEV-DO 4.1 Mbps in 5 MHz carrier Uplink Peak Data Rates with WCDMA/HSDPA 52 Erlangs Voice Capacity in 1.25 MHz carrier with CDMA2000
49
Thank You
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
1xEV-DV: Data and Voice Performance Issues
•
Optimal data solution is possible when packet data is sent on a dedicated RF channel where data throughput can be maximized by using the following techniques:
–
Transmit full power and use all code channels whenever data is to be transmitted
– – –
Apply multi-user diversity with channel-sensitive scheduling Use Adaptive modulation and coding Use Incremental redundancy (H-ARQ)
•
BS transmit power and number of code channels in use vary rapidly because of fast forward power control and soft handoffs of voice users
•
Requires reserving margin in both power and code channels for voice traffic
• •
Power may not be available for an optimal data solution
–
Not able to transmit at high data rates even if channel condition is good Results in loss in data throughput without gaining in voice capacity
A net loss in efficiency
51
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
RL Packet Parameters (1)
Payload Size (bits) [1] 128
[2] 256 [3] 512
[4] 768
[5] 1024
Modu lation Effective Data Rate (kbps) After 4 slots After 8 slots After 12 slots After 16 slots Code Rate [ Repetition ] After 4 slots After 8 slots After 12 slots After 16 slots
BPSK D0 BPSK D0 BPSK D0 BPSK D0 BPSK D0 19.2
38.4
76.8
115.2
153.6
9.6
19.2
38.4
57.6
76.8
6.4
12.8
25.6
38.4
51.2
4.8
9.6
19.2
28.8
38.4
1/5 [ 3.2 ] 1/5 [ 6.4 ] 1/5 [ 9.6] 1/5 [ 12.8] 1/5 [ 1.6 ] 1/5 [ 3.2 ] 1/5 [ 4.8 ] 1/5 [ 6.4] 1/4 [ 1 ] 1/5 [1.6] 1/5 [2.4] 1/5 [3.2] 3/8 [ 1 ] 1/5 [1.07] 1/5 [ 1.6] 1/5 [ 2.13] 1/2 [ 1] 1/4 [ 1 ] 1/5 [ 1.2] 1/5 [1.6]
52
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004
RL Packet Parameters (2)
Payload (bits) [6] 1536
[7] 2048
[8] 3072
[9] 4096
[10] 6144 [11] Modu lation
QPSK D0 QPSK D0 QPSK D1 QPSK D1
QPSK D0 & D1 QPSK D0 & D1 Effective Data Rate in kbps After 4 slots After 8 slots After 12 slots After 16 slots
230.4
115.2
76.8
57.6
Code Rate [ Repetition ] After 4 slots After 8 slots 3/8 [ 1 ] 1/5 [1.07] After 12 slots After 16 slots 1/5 [ 1.6] 1/5 [ 2.13]
307.2
460.8
614.4
921.6
1228.8
153.6
230.4
307.2
460.4
614.4
102.4
153.6
204.8
307.2
409.6
76.8
115.2
153.6
230.4
307.2
1/2 [ 1 ] 1/4 [ 1 ] 1/5 [ 1.2] 1/5 [1.6] 3/8 [ 1 ] 1/5 [1.07] 1/5 [1.6] 1/5 [2.13] 1/2 [ 1 ] 1/4 [ 1 ] 1/5 [ 1.2] 1/5 [1.6] 1/2 [ 1 ] 1/4 [ 1 ] 1/5 [ 1.2] 1/5 [1.6] 2/3 [ 1 ] 1/3 [ 1 ] 2/9 [ 1 ] 1/5 [1.2]
53
Reverse Link Channel Structure
Latest Trends and New Enhancements April 2004 Pri Pilot Gain Pilot Channel (All 0's) BPSK (I) Primary Pilot W 0 16 (16 chips) Aux Pilot Gain Auxiliary Pilot W 28 32 (32 chips) DRC Gain DRC Channel [ 4-bit Rate, 3-bit Sector ] (7-Bits) Biorthogonal Encoder (Q) (64 Symbols) Delay L 2 slots DSC Gain DSC Channel [Cell Selection] (3-Bits) Biorthogonal Encoder (Q) ACK Gain (4 Symbols) ACK Channel (1-Bit) BPSK (I) W 12 32 RRI Gain RRI Biorthogonal (7-Bits) 4-bit Payload Size, 3-bit SubPkt ID (MSB of SubPktID = 0) Encoder (I) (64 Symbols) Data-0 Channel (Code Symbols) BPSK (Q) or QPSK Data Gain 0 (4 chips) W 12 32 (32 chips) W 8 16 (1024 chips) Repeat ( 2 L 1 ) (128 chips) Repeat ( 8 * L 2 ) L 2 slots) (1024 L 2 chips) Repeat ( 32 ) (1 slot) (1024 chips) W 4 16 (1024 chips) Repeat ( 8 ) (4 slots) (8192 chips) (L 1 slots) (2048 L 1 chips)
C O M P L E X
TDM 1 : 1
S I G N A L S U M M E R
W 2 4 DataGain1 DataGain0 = 0 or DataGain1 = 0 or DataGain1 = sqrt(2) * DataGain0 Data-1 Channel (Code Symbols) QPSK (2 chips) W 1 2 54