Transcript Reporting Status or Progress

Battery-Based
Energy Storage Systems
for Stationary Applications
Hans Desilvestro
Hanmer Springs
November 2004
enerSTORE Consulting
Outline
• Battery ESS selection criteria
• The raw materials issue
• The LiOX battery
Safe Li-ion type battery based on oxide active
materials
• Cost comparison of commercially available
and emerging energy storage systems
(ESS)
• Summary
enerSTORE Consulting
Courtesy Dr Paul
Rüetschi
enerSTORE Consulting
Battery ESS selection criteria
• Specific Energy (Wh/kg)
- to +
• Energy Density (Wh/L)
+/- to +
• Power performance (W/kg, W/L)
-
• Cycle life and calendar life
+
• $/year
++
• Safety
++
• Maintenance-free
$-issue
enerSTORE Consulting
Economic and safety considerations
more important than
other performance parameters
enerSTORE Consulting
Factors influencing raw
material costs
• Natural abundance / mineable sources
• Mining / refining costs
• Demand in key markets
Commodity vs speciality markets
• Relative importance of battery market
in relation to key markets
• Common ore origin
e.g. Fe-Ni-Co or Zn-Cd
• Ease of recycling
enerSTORE Consulting
Estimated Resources
400,000,000
200,000,000
1,800,000 t
600,000,000
13,000,000 t
Tonnes
800,000,000
4,600,000,000 t
5,000,000,000 t
1,000,000,000
0
Mn
Zn
Ti
Pb
Ni
V
Li
Co
Cd
enerSTORE Consulting
Availability at present mine production
1000
800
Years
600
400
200
0
Mn
Zn
Ti
Pb
Ni
V
Li
Co
Cd
enerSTORE Consulting
% of present mine production required for 1 GWh
14
12
8
%
Years
10
6
4
2
0
Mn
Zn
Ti
Pb
Ni
V
Li
Co
Cd
enerSTORE Consulting
"Low cost" base metals used in batteries (<3,000$/t)
3,000
Cu, LME
Al, LME
Mn metal, electrolytic
Mn(Ferromanganese)
Zn, LME
Pb, LME
2,500
1,500
1,000
500
Sep-04
Jun-04
Mar-04
Dec-03
Sep-03
Jun-03
Mar-03
Dec-02
Sep-02
Jun-02
Mar-02
Dec-01
Sep-01
Jun-01
Mar-01
Dec-00
Sep-00
Jun-00
Mar-00
Dec-99
0
Sep-99
$/tonne
2,000
enerSTORE Consulting
"High cost" base metals used in batteries (>3,000$/t)
30,000
Li (Li2CO3)
V (Ferrovanadium)
V (V2O5)
Ni, LME
Ti (Ferrotitanium
T(TiO2)
25,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
Sep-04
Jun-04
Mar-04
Dec-03
Sep-03
Jun-03
Mar-03
Dec-02
Sep-02
Jun-02
Mar-02
Dec-01
Sep-01
Jun-01
Mar-01
Dec-00
Sep-00
Jun-00
Mar-00
Dec-99
0
Sep-99
$/tonne
20,000
enerSTORE Consulting
Are Li-ion batteries safe ?
• Ask IATA: Li-ion battery size for carryon items limited to 100 Wh
• Even small portable Li-ion batteries
encounter safety problems quite
frequently
Overheating, fire, explosions, product recalls
• Limiting maximum thickness or
diameter to max. ~16 mm
• Li-ion batteries can only be operated in
a relatively safe way by
- electronic single cell control
- safety elements such as burst disks, PTC,...
enerSTORE Consulting
Reasons for relatively poor safety
characteristics of standard Li-ion batteries
• Overall cell reaction:
Charge to 4.2V
3C + LiCoO2
0.5C6Li + Li0.5CoO2
Discharge to ~3V
Very close to Li plating potential
Thermodynamically unstable
towards solvents employed
Thermodynamically
unstable
 O2 + LiCo-oxides +
heat
enerSTORE Consulting
Reasons for relatively poor safety
characteristics of standard Li-ion batteries
3500
Li-SO2
Gun powder
BRP [106 kJ/m3]
3000
2500
2000
Li-ion
1500
1000
500
0
1
2
3
enerSTORE Consulting
Pacific Lithium saw market
opportunities for a safe
Li-ion type battery
LiOX
enerSTORE Consulting
LiOX, a safe Li-ion battery
• Overall cell reaction:
Charge to 2.7V
Li3Ti5O12 + 4LiMn2O4
Li7Ti5O12 + 4Mn2O4
Discharge to 2.2V
No risk of Li plating
Thermodynamically stable
towards solvents employed
Thermodynamically
much more stable
than Li0.5CoO2
enerSTORE Consulting
Cycle Life of 5-cell batteries at 22, 45 oC, 55 oC.
1C charge and discharge (100%)
1A Discharge Capacity (Ah)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Cycle Number
enerSTORE Consulting
Direct metal cost for electrochemical energy storage systems
100
LiOX
Lead-acid
Ni-H2, 0.07 mg/cm2 Pt *)
Ni-H2, 0.14 mg/cm2 Pt **)
Vanadium Redox
60
40
20
Sep-04
Jun-04
Mar-04
Dec-03
Sep-03
Jun-03
Mar-03
Dec-02
Sep-02
Jun-02
Mar-02
Dec-01
Sep-01
Jun-01
Mar-01
Dec-00
Sep-00
Jun-00
Mar-00
Dec-99
0
Sep-99
$/kWh
80
*) 100-times less than in aerospace batteries
**) 50-times less than in aerospace batteries
enerSTORE Consulting
Conclusions
Lead-acid
Ni-Cd
Ni-H2
VRedox
LiOX
Zn-Br2
Cycle Life
-
++
+++
+++
+++
+
Resources
+/-
--
+/-
-
++
+++
-
-
-
--
++
+
-
--
+/-
-
-
+/-
-
+/-
+/-
Safety
+/-
+
+/-
+
+
-
Overall
+
---
--
-
+/-
+/-
Battery technology
Price stability "metals"
Battery affordability
Environmental compatibility
++
50-100$/kWh
+/350-450$/kWh
+
enerSTORE Consulting