Transcript Chapter 6
American Revolution Intro Copy Study Notes Read the Story Matters “Crossing the Delaware” Emanuel Leutze, 1851 Section 1 Face Off Each side thought it would win quickly British=crush through force Patriots=Brits would give up after losing a few major battles British Advantages Strongest Navy, trained Army, wealthy empire, and more people Patriots weak, lacked exp/weapons, not all Americans supported Section 1 Loyalists (Tory) in the Colonies 1 in 5 thought to be loyalists Strongest support in Carolinas, and Georgia Weakest in New England colonies Britain sought support of African Americans Promised freedom, many joined Some ended up free in Canada, others in Sierra Leone Divided friends and family Ben Franklin vs his son William Franklin Section 1 Advantages of the Patriots Home turf, took England time/money to arrive, greater motivation (freedom), leaders (G. Wash) Britain hired mercs (hessians) did not care as much The Continental Army Continental Congress served as Gov’t after Declaration of Independence Could not raise money through taxes Call for a stronger national government Section 1 Continental Army Not everyone agreed for another big gov’t Each state fighting for its own interests Was hard for congress to get soldiers and money States were responsible for recruiting soldiers for the Continental Army Most only signed up for one year, G Wash asked for longer services Hard time finding qualified officers Some women snuck into the ranks Disguised as men, Following husbands Mary McCauley nicknamed “Molly Pitcher” Section 1 Early Campaigns Not many troops at the start By 1776 Britain sent 32,000 troops to New York General William Howe hoped the size would convince Patriots to quit Battle of Long Island Only 20,000 troops under G Wash Nathan Hale, spy on British troops as a school teacher Lost badly to the greater numbers of the British Army, better equipment G Wash retreated back into Pennsylvania, British let him go (stopped chasing) Section 1 Rough times for Patriots Winter time, fewer than 5,000 soldiers Some had finished, others ran away Urged Congress to give more soldiers Asked for African Americas to enlist, would not allow it South didn’t want them to have guns African Americans Growing need of soldiers and many ignored the ruling on African Americans Rhode Island raised an all black regiment in 1778 By the end, every state except South Carolina enlisted African Americans to fight Section 1 African Americans As many as 5,000 joined the Patriots Reasons to fight Could earn freedom Belief in the cause Earn money Battles of Trenton and Princeton British were settled comfortably in New York On Christmas night 1776, Washington led 2400 troops across the river to surprise the enemy in Trenton Defeated and marched to Princeton, scattering the British forces http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/wa tch?videoId=KF-Y7s_YIAU Section 1 British Strategy 3 group battle plan to capture Albany, NY and the Hudson River Cut off New England from Middle Colonies John Burgoyne troops south from Canada Barry St Leger move east from Lake Ontario William Howe move north up the Hudson Attack all at once against patriots in Albany http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt /watch?videoId=_s1SUWIwWF8 Section 1 Brits capture Philadelphia Howe wanted Philly before capturing Albany Home of the Continental Congress In September 1777, captured city and forced the congress to flee Winter is Coming Stay in Philly, rather than marching into Albany Section 1 Battle of Saratoga None of the other generals had reached Albany yet St Leger stopped in Fort Stanwix, NY Burgoyne was defeated by the Green Mountain Boys and retreated to Saratoga, NY Burgoyne in trouble, alone Surrounded by Patriots Made a last desperate attack on October 7, failed General Burgoyne surrendered British 3 group attack failed Would help change the course of the war Section 2 Gaining Allies Ben Franklin in France, trying to get the French to support the Americans Secretly given U.S. money, did not enter war Sent news to France of success at Saratoga Others realize that the Americans might win In 1778 France declared war on Britain and sent money, equipment, and troops to aid Americans Spain would help, did not ally, declared war on Britain in 1779 Kept many troops out of action against the Americans Section 2 Valley Forge British (Howe) spent the winter in Philly G Wash set up camp in Valley Forge 20 miles west Terrible winter conditions, little food, clothing, shelter and medicine. Trying to keep the army together Built huts and gathered supplies from the countryside Many got sick and died, others deserted, some quit The army survived the Winter morale rose in the spring with Frances help http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt /watch?videoId=wtb9W3mPVtE Section 2 Foreign Help French leader at Valley Forge Marquis de Lafayette Believed in the American cause Became an aid to Washington Ko’sciuszko and Pulaski Polish men building defenses for Americans Friedrich von Steuben German officer who trained troops at Valley Forge Juan de Miralles Spaniard who convinced Spain, Cuba, Mexico to send money to the US Almost 2/3 of PA regiments were foreign born Section 2 Homefront War changed ALL Americans, even those not involved Wives took care of families alone, run the business Problems in the Economy Paying for the war was a challenge No taxes, some help from other countries but not enough Congress printed hundreds of millions of dollars in paper money More supply than the gold/silver Inflation Stopped using it because no one would use it Section 2 New Way of thinking Ideas of Democracy and Freedom Made women question their roles in society Questioning Slavery Quest for freedom led some whites to question slavery 1778 William Livingston of NJ asked to free all slaves African Americans argued for their freedom too Hoped the revolution would end it Many northern states gradually freed enslaved people Section 2 Loyalist Treatment Thousands of Loyalists fought on the British side Some left for England and Spanish Florida Many were treated badly Shunned by Patriots Victims of Violence, Tar and Feathered Rare cases they were executed by Patriots *Prompt* Give me a paragraph describing your day to day life if you were a loyalist living in a Patriot capital city. What happens? How are you treated? Do you think its fair? Think-Pair-Share Section 3 Fighting in the West Some Natives fought with either side, Patriot/British West of the colonies British fought with Natives to raid American settlements Henry Hamilton paid Natives for American scalps, Nickname? Virginia leader George Clark fought to end attacks in the West Clarks victories strengthened the American position in the West The War at Sea Section 3 Britain's Navy at an advantage Formed a blockade Privateers Congress ordered 13 warships to attack the blockade, only 2 made it Authorized 2,000 ships as privateers Capture enemy merchant and cargo ships Captured more ships than the American Navy Naval Hero John Paul Jones won many raids at British ports His Ship = Bonhomme Richard won against Brit ship Serapis “I have not yet begun to fight” Section 3 Fighting in the South Early years had won a few battles in the South After several defeats the British thought of a new plan Focus on the South, Loyalists/Navy Early British Success General Henry Clinton, 3500 troops moved from New York to Savannah, GA Moved and attacked Charles Town, SC Took thousands of prisoners, huge American defeat Clinton went back North and left Charles Cornwallis in charge Hit and Run Section 3 Received less help from Loyalists than expected As they moved, small Patriot forces would attack them Caught the Brits off guard Francis Marion = “Swamp Fox” http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/wat ch?videoId=AY5LgyA0Eds Was quick and smart, operated in SC swamps Spain’s Help Spain declared war on Britain in 1779 Gave some supplies to our forces in the West Helped drive out Brits in Gulf of Mexico region Section 3 American Successes Britain moved north through the Carolinas Angered townspeople as they passed telling them to join the British Mountain people who chose no side until they were threatened Captured and killed a Loyalist militia operating in the South General Nathanael Green (South) split his forces into 2 to attack Cornwallis Won first battle, lost 2nd, but Brits sustained heavy losses Section 3 Cornwallis Retreats Had to win soon, more French/money/allies arriving to help Americans everyday Marched in 1781 to Virginia Washington sent Lafayette and Wayne south to push Cornwallis back Cornwallis takes shelter in Yorktown on the Virginia coast The battles in the South were winding down Section 4 Victory at Yorktown While Brits winning in the South. Key events going on in North July 1780, French Warships appear near Rhode Island led by Comte de Rochambeau (row. Sham. Boh) Rochambeau joined with G Wash and planned to attack a British base in NY Eventually find a better opportunity south, in Virginia Section 4 Washington leaves for Virginia Sent Lafayette and Wayne to stop Cornwallis in the South Had cornered Cornwallis on a peninsula, Yorktown G Wash changed his plans and he and Rochambeau and the French warships headed to Virginia, instead of NY Kept the new plan a secret, so the British would not know and send Cornwallis backup Even the soldiers did not know where they were going Marched 200 miles in 15 days Washington, Rochambeau, French Fleet met at Yorktown IT’S A TRAP Section 4 G Wash plan worked perfectly 14,000 Americans/French against 8,000 British The fleet kept British ships from helping/not allowing for their escape Started a siege war against the city Victory Cornwallis saw that it was hopeless and on October 19, 1781 he surrendered 8,000 Prisoners and 200+ guns At surrender ceremony the French played “Yankee Doodle” to taunt them http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Doodle Section 4 Independence Acquired Yorktown was a terrible loss for the Brits, but fighting still continued Convinced them the war was too costly to pursue Americans and British politicians went to Paris to work out an agreement Treaty of Paris 1783 Great Britain recognized the US as an independent nation Would withdraw all troops from US Territory Section 4 Army Angry Between the end of the fighting and the signed treaty Washington refused to break up the army Many soldiers were promised money by Congress, but the money did not come The army threatened to use force if their money was not paid Washington convinced Congress to pay out and ended the trouble Washington Retires He left his troops and resigned his position Returned to home in Mount Vernon, Virginia to live quietly with his family Section 4 Why we Won? Our Advantages? Fighting Tactics? Alliances? Training? Our Revolution helped inspire the French Revolution in 1789 and Haiti Revolution in 1804