Transcript Decolonization and Independence Movements

DECOLONIZATION AND
INDEPENDENCE
MOVEMENTS
Africa and the Middle East, 1945-present
Chapter 30
SECTION 1: INDEPENDENCE IN AFRICA
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Countries in Africa have had
a long, difficult road to
independence. After colonial
rule ended, African nations
faced political, social,
economic, and health
challenges.
INDEPENDENCE AND NEW NATIONS
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Europeans’ colonial rule in
Africa ended after World War
II.
Ghana, ruled by Kwame
Nkrumah was the first British
colony to gain independence
(1957).
By the end of the 1960s,
most African nations were
independent.
MORE COUNTRIES GAIN INDEPENDENCE
Country
Former ruler
Year of independence
Zaire (now called Democratic
Republic of the Congo)
Belgium
1957
Mozambique
Portugal
1970s
Angola
Portugal
1970s
Morocco
France
1956
Algeria
France
1962
SOUTH AFRICA AND APARTHEID
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Apartheid: “apartness”
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Whites in South Africa had
developed laws that maintained
racial segregation
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Blacks began peacefully
demonstrating against these
laws.
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African National Congress
(“ANC”) leader Nelson Mandela
was arrested in 1962, the ANC
began calling for armed
resistance to the white
government.
NEW NATIONS AND NEW LEADERS
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Newly independent nations
faced multiple problems:
Implementing democracy,
struggles with socialism, and
dissension within, and
among, African nations.
Pan-Africanism- the unity of
all Black Africans
2002- The African Union was
formed. It seeks to promote
democracy and economic
growth in Africa.
ECONOMIC AND HEALTH PROBLEMS
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After independence, most
countries relied on a single
crop or natural resource.
Funds were spent on
national defense instead of
on the foundations of
industry
Drought and population
growth created more
economic problems in the
1980s
ECONOMIC AND HEALTH PROBLEMS
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Because of these problems,
poverty is still widespread in
Africa
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Large cities often have huge
slum areas with sanitation
problems, pollution, and bad
traffic.
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Millions live without water and
electricity
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AIDS epidemic costs lots of
money to treat
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2/3 of all people with HIV live in
Sub-Saharan Africa
AIDS EPIDEMIC
● In Swaziland, 33% of
adults have HIV.
● In 2006, 3 million people
(including children) were
infected with AIDS 2
million people died from
AIDS
● About 1/10 of children in
Sub-Saharan Africa
have lost a parent to
AIDS.
● Uganda has made good
progress in fighting
POLITICAL CHALLENGES
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Lots of people hoped that
independence would lead
to democracy
Unfortunately that wasn’t
the case everywhere
Political instability is still a
problem for much of Africa
Nigeria, Zimbabwe, and
Rwanda all experienced
Civil War. Some of these
areas are still dealing with
violence
NEW HOPES
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Dictators fell in several
African countries, and
apartheid eventually
came to an end in South
Africa.
END OF DICTATORSHIPS
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Dictatorships in
Uganda, Ethiopia,
Liberia, and Somalia
came to an end in the
1970s.
Unfortunately, bloody
civil wars often occurred
amid the instability that
arose after the
dictatorships ended
END OF APARTHEID
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1994- Mandela was elected
president of South Africa
He had been imprisoned for
26 years for his work with
the African National
Congress.
After his release in 1990,
South Africa began holding
elections and did away with
apartheid laws.
Mandela was South Africa’s
first black president.
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
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Tension between old
and new, native and
foreign, affects African
society.
Throughout Africa,
there is constant
conflict between
traditional ways and
Western culture.
CITY AND COUNTRYSIDE
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Western culture has
impacted African cities
more than the countryside.
¾ of African people live
outside of cities.
Many of these people do
not have plumbing or
electricity
They live by traditional
methods: farming, hunting,
or herding like their
ancestors did.
CITY AND COUNTRYSIDE
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Droughts and floods can
both be devastating.
Many urban people view
the rural people as
backward or uncivilized.
Rural people often see
the cities as corrupt,
and disruptive to African
values, customs, and
culture.
WOMEN’S ROLES
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Independence from
colonial powers
changed women’s roles
in Africa.
Women gained
suffrage, but are rarely
elected.
Most women work in
low-paying jobs.
Arranged marriages are
still practiced in some
areas.
AFRICAN CULTURE
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African artists struggle to find
a balance between their
heritage and Western
techniques.
African writers often write
about the tension and
dilemmas that modern
Africans face.
Two of the most famous
African authors are:
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Chinua Achebe (Things
Fall Apart)
Noni Jabavu (The Ochre
People)
SECTION 2: CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST
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Israel was founded as a
Jewish nation in 1948,
but many Palestinian
Arabs refused to
recognize it.
Other nations were
formed at the end of
World War II: Syria,
Lebanon, and Jordan.
These nations were
predominantly Muslim.
THE QUESTION OF PALESTINE
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Many Jews moved to the
Palestinian mandate
between the World
Wars.
Great Britain governed
the area, and limited
Jewish immigration.
They also rejected the
proposal of a Jewish
nation.
Muslims agreed with the
British position.
THE QUESTION OF PALESTINE
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Zionists wanted the land of
ancient Israel to be given to
the Jews.
After the Holocaust,
sympathy for Jews grew.
A UN proposal said the
Palestinian mandate would
be split between Jews and
Arabs.
The Jews proclaimed the
nation of Israel on May 14,
1948.
THE QUESTION OF PALESTINE
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Israel’s Arab neighbors
saw the creation of
Israel as a betrayal of
the Palestinians.
Several of these Arab
nations tried to invade
Israel.
These invasions failed.
Today, Palestinians still
want their own nation.
NASSER AND PAN-ARABISM
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Colonel Gamal Abdel
Nasser took control of
the Egyptian
government in the early
1950s.
July 26, 1956- he seized
the Suez Canal
Company, formerly
controlled by the British
Great Britain, France,
and Israel launched a
joint attack on Egypt,
starting the Suez War of
1956.
NASSER AND PAN-ARABISM
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The US & USSR
supported Nasser.
After the conflict, Nasser
became more powerful.
He encouraged PanArabism- “Arab unity.”
Other Middle Eastern
leaders were cynical of
Pan-Arabism. They
didn’t want to share oil $
with Egypt.
THE ARAB-ISRAELI DISPUTE
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1950s-1960s: dispute
between Israel & other
Middle Eastern countries
grew
1967- Nasser attempted to
blockade Israeli shipping
The Israelis launched air
strikes against Egypt and
several other countries
Israel tripled the size of its
territory in this six day war.
THE ARAB-ISRAELI DISPUTE
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Nasser died in 1970 and was
replaced by Anwar el-Sadat.
Oct. 6, 1973: Egypt and Syria
launched a surprise attack
against Israel.
Israel retaliated by going into
Egypt and trapping Egypt’s
3rd Army.
The UN negotiated a cease
fire that saved the Egyptian
army from destruction.
conflict officially ended in
1974.
THE ARAB-ISRAELI DISPUTE
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In 1960, several Arab oilproducing states formed
OPEC.
OPEC- “Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries.”
Their goal was to control
the price of oil.
When they drove the price
of oil up, this hurt Western
countries.
THE ARAB-ISRAELI DISPUTE
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1977- Jimmy Carter began
encouraging for a
compromise between the
Arabs and Israelis.
In 1979, a treaty known as
the Camp David Accords
went into effect.
This led to a complete
withdrawal of Israeli troops
from the Sinai Peninsula,
and ended the state of war
between Egypt and Israel.
THE ONGOING CRISIS
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Tension in the Middle East
has continued in the 21st
century.
1964: P.L.O.- “Palestine
Liberation Organization”
founded
They believe only
Palestinian Arabs should
have a state in the
Palestinian region.
Al-Fatah- a guerilla
movement that launches
terrorist attacks against
Israel
PALESTINE AND LEBANON
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1980s- Palestinian Arabs
became more militant,
started intifada (uprising).
The intifada took place in
territories that Israel had
taken in 1967.
According to the Oslo
Peace Accords of 1993,
Palestine would control a
semi-independent area
In return, the PLO
recognized the Israeli state.
PALESTINE AND LEBANON
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1994- Jordan and Israel
sign a treaty. Jordan
became the 2nd Arab nation
to recognize Israel
Palestinians and Israelis
still disagree about
statehood.
Some Israelis don’t want to
give up territory, some
Palestinians don’t want to
recognize Israeli statehood.
second Intifada began in
2000
PALESTINE AND LEBANON
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Yasir Arafat died in 2004;
many people hoped for
progress towards peace in the
region.
In 2006, members of Hamas,
a Palestinian resistance
movement, were elected,
which led to more resistance.
Violence erupted in July 2006,
after Hezbollah (radical Islamic
group), kidnapped 2 Israeli
soldiers.
cease fire was agreed upon in
August, 2006.
TURMOIL IN IRAN
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Iran had been an ally of the
US in the 1950s and 1960s
Ayatollah Khomeinimember of the Muslim
clergy who led a revolution
in 1979.
After the revolution, Iran
attempted to restore Islamic
law (theocracy)
Militants took 52 American
hostages and held them
captive for over a year.
TURMOIL IN IRAN
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Khomeini died in 1989; replaced
by a more moderate government.
Young Iranians pushed for more
freedom.
1997- a moderate was elected and
pushed for more reform: freedoms
for women and the press
2005- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
elected.
He has called for destruction of
Israel, denied the existence of the
Holocaust, and maintained a
nuclear weapons development
program.
IRAQ’S AGGRESSION
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Iraq is located west of
Iran
Saddam Hussein came
to power in 1979
Religious differences
have led to a lot of
hostility between Iraq
and Iran
They have also
disagreed over territory,
such as the Strait of
Hormuz
IRAQ’S AGGRESSION
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1980: Saddam Hussein
launches an attack against
Iran
He used children to clear
minefields
He used poisonous gas
against Iraqi civilians, a
group known as Kurds.
A cease fire was agreed to in
1988, but it didn’t resolve any
of the major issues that led to
the conflict.
THE FIRST GULF WAR
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August, 1990- Hussein
sends his troops to invade
Kuwait.
US intervened to free Kuwait.
Allies hoped that economic
sanctions would convince the
Iraqi citizens to overthrow
Saddam Hussein, but that
didn’t happen.
AFGHANISTAN AND THE TALIBAN
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After WW II, the king of
Afghanistan aligned himself
with the USSR
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USSR invaded Afghanistan in
1979, and occupied the country
for 10 years.
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The US and Pakistan helped to
get rid of the Soviets
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The Taliban, an Islamic group
took control of Kabul in 1996
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The Taliban provided a base of
operations for Osama bin
Laden
AFGHANISTAN AND THE TALIBAN
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1988- bin Laden founded alQaeda (which means “the
base”)
This organization recruited
Muslims to drive Westerners
out of nations with a Muslims
majority.
Once the Taliban controlled
Afghanistan, the country was
used as place for al-Qaeda
to train their recruits.
AFGHANISTAN AND THE TALIBAN
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bin Laden and al-Qaeda
conducted the September 11,
2001 attacks
After attacks, a coalition
launched a war against the
Taliban in Afghanistan.
By December of 2001, the
Taliban had collapsed and
was replaced by a moderate
government.
This new government is trying
to maintain peace among
various tribal groups and the
Taliban
POST-9/11: THE WAR ON IRAQ
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President George W. Bush
threatened to remove
Saddam Hussein from
power.
Hussein was suspected of
having chemical and
biological weapons of mass
destruction, and of helping
al-Qaeda.
Hussein and his forces were
quickly defeated
However, re-building Iraq
proved more difficult than
winning the war.
POST-9/11: THE WAR ON IRAQ
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Since 2003 American forces
have been training the Iraqi
military
Establishing democracy in
Iraq has been difficult
because of the various
groups in Iraqi society: Shias,
Sunnis, and Kurds.
Saddam Hussein was
executed in 2006
Iraq appeared to be falling
into a huge civil war between
the Sunnis and the Shias.
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
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Islamic fundamentalism has
impacted Middle Eastern
society, especially women’s
roles.
Religious forces have tried to
replace foreign culture and
values with Islamic customs.
Some Islamic leaders believe
Western values and cultures
are based on greed,
materialism, and immorality.
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
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Islamic fundamentalism
began under Ayatollah
Khomeini in Iran
These feelings spread to
other countries, such as
Egypt.
Militant Muslims
assassinated President
Sadat in 1981.
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
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Early 20th century:
women’s place in Middle
Eastern society had not
changed in centuries.
They were allowed to
participate in politics and
legal matters until
extremism took these
opportunities away in the
1970s.
This trend was most
noticeable in Iran.
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
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Literature in the Middle
East since 1945 has
reflected a rise in national
awareness
Authors also began to
write about secular topics,
instead of strictly religious
ones.
Naguib Mahfouz was the
first person to win a Nobel
Prize in Literature for
writing a book in Arabic
(1988).