Transcript W2i Digital Cities Convention Spectrum Overview

Wireless Spectrum Overview & Futures
Presented February 13, 2007 in Tempe, AZ by
Mark Goldstein, International Research Center
PO Box 825, Tempe, AZ 85280-0825, Voice & Fax: 602-470-0389,
[email protected], URL: http://www.researchedge.com/
© 2007 - International Research Center (Version B)
100 GHz
10 GHz
Hedy Lamarr and Spread Spectrum Radio Transmission
"Any girl can be glamorous,"
Hedy Lamarr once said. "All she
has to do is stand still and look
stupid." The film star belied her
own apothegm by hiding a
brilliant, inventive mind beneath
Two pages of drawings from Hedy Lamarr and George
her photogenic exterior. In 1942,
at the height of her Hollywood
Antheil's patent. Note the player-piano-like slotted
career, she patented a frequencypaper on the second sheet. Markey is the name of Hedy
switching system for torpedo
Lamarr's second of six husbands.
guidance that was two decades
Source: Inventors Assistance League (http://www.inventions.org/)
ahead of its time.
U.S. Radio Spectrum - Location of Commercial Services
Comparison of Cellular and PCS Spectrum
FCC Wireless Major Trading Areas (MTAs)
Source: Tower Maps (http://www.towermaps.com/)
U.S. Commercial Wireless Antenna Facilities
Source: Tower Maps (http://www.towermaps.com/)
Growth in the Mobile Telephone Industry
(June 2005 - June 2006)
219 Million
Subscribers in
2006
UP
13%
From
195 Million
Subscribers
in 2005
Subscribers
$60 Billion in
Revenues in
2006
UP
9%
From $56
Billion as of
2005
Service
Revenues
723 Average
Monthly MOUs in
2006
Price per minute
7¢ in 2006
UP
16%
From 623
MOUs in
2005
Minutes
of Use
Price per
minute
DOWN
14%
From
$0.08 per
minute in
2005
9
Source: Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association; FCC.
FCC Advanced Wireless Services Auction
Advanced Wireless Services (AWS-1) Auction 66 represented the
largest amount of spectrum suitable for deploying wireless
broadband ever made available in a single auction (90 megahertz
of AWS spectrum at 1710-1755 and 2110-2155 MHz). The revenue
from Auction 66 will nearly double the total revenue transferred to
the U.S. Treasury from all previous auctions with $13.9 billion for
1,087 licenses from 104 bidders in 2006.
Source: FCC
700 MHz Public Safety Spectrum: In 1998, the FCC adopted
service rules for the 24 megahertz of spectrum in the 764776/794-806 MHz frequency bands reallocated from television
broadcast services to public safety communications at the
direction of Congress. It will be available as soon as existing
TV stations vacate the spectrum, which is targeted for no
later than December 31, 2006, but may be extended under
particular circumstances including for those markets where
15 percent or more households do not have access to either
DTV-equipped receivers or multi-channel video.
800 MHz Public Safety Spectrum: In 1987, the FCC developed
a National Plan for Public Safety Radio Services that set
national guidelines for use of the 800 MHz spectrum while
allowing regional public safety planning committees to
develop regional plans tailored to their areas own particular
communications needs. Band reconfiguration to place
generally incompatible technologies in separate band
segments is in progress.
Source: FCC
Comparison of 802.11x WLAN Technologies
Source: The Burton Group
Source: Fluke Networks (http://www.flukenetworks.com/)
UAT Phoenix War Driving Research Project
Wi-Fi Access Points & Devices in Downtown Phoenix (2005)
Source: Tropos Networks (http://www.tropos.com/)
Loss Through Foliage and Construction Materials
Source: Tropos Networks (http://www.tropos.com/)
Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Frequency Bands
Source: Fujitsu Microelectronics America (http://fma.fujitsu.com/)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_radio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_radio
FCC Adopts Rule Changes for Smart Radios (3/10/05)
In light of the ever increasing demand for radio spectrum, and to facilitate new
technologies and services as well as permit more intensive and efficient spectrum use, the
Federal Communications Commission today adopted rule changes for cognitive, or “smart,”
radio systems. This action will facilitate continued growth in the deployment of radio
equipment employing cognitive radio technologies and make possible a full realization of
their potential benefits. As a result, consumers will reap the benefit of new and enhanced
services.
Given their technical and operational flexibility, smart radios make possible the
improved use of vacant spectrum channels – that is, spectrum that may be available in a
specific frequency range at a particular geographic location or during a particular period of
time – spectrum that would otherwise go unused. Smart radios have the technical capability
to adapt their use of spectrum in response to information external to the radio. For
instance, a system could use geographic positioning system (GPS) data to determine its
exact location, then determine whether certain transmissions are permissible based on that
location. Alternatively, such radios could sense their operating or radiofrequency (RF)
environment and use this information to determine both the optimal frequency range and
transmit power to use, yet avoid harmful interference. Many smart radios can also interpret
and transmit signals in different formats or modulation schemes in an effort to transmit
without harming others in the vicinity.
Certain smart radio capabilities are employed to a more limited extent today in
applications such as commercial mobile wireless services and wireless local area networks
(WLANs). In some instances, military applications are fueling leading edge research and
serving as the impetus for growth in the commercial deployment of software defined and
cognitive radios. Eventually, radios that sense the environment to determine a series of
possible actions and compare this array of choices with actions that have been successful
in the past to select an appropriate action in the current situation.
(http://www.fcc.gov/)
Universal Public Safety Radio
(Software Defined Radio-SDR)
Source: Vanu (http://www.vanu.com/)
Standard Radio Transmission with Continuous Sine Waves
Versus Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) Coherent Pulses
Continuous sine waves are transmitted
with information embedded in the
modulation of the wave's amplitude or
frequency. This technology is
approaching its limit in being able to
improve bandwidth (amount of
information sent) and channelization
(number of users).
Source: Time Domain Corporation
Coded pulses, transmitted and
measured precisely in time can carry
orders of magnitude more data and
support an essentially unlimited number
of users. (Think of it as super highspeed Morse Code with 40 million dots
and dashes per second.)
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Multi-Band Initiative
Multi-Band takes 7.5 GHz of unlicensed UWB spectrum and divides it into 3-16 nonoverlapping frequency bands, while maintaining FCC Report & Order compliance.
Bands are approximately between 500 - 700 MHz wide.
Source: General Atomics (http://fusion.gat.com/photonics/uwb/)
See Also: Multi-Band OFDM Alliance (MBOA) - http://www.multibandofdm.org/
Free Space Optic (FSO) Systems
Source: LightPointe
Complex Metro FSO Topology
Source: Free Space Optics (http://www.freespaceoptics.org/)
Spectrum Allocation
Providing affordable coverage is crucial in wireless telecommunications
The warmer (lower) frequencies are best!
WCDMA
2.1
TD-SCDMA
2.1
GSM
900
CDMA
1.7
CDMA
800
GSM
1.8
CDMA
450
1GHz
cdma2000®
450, 800, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1
802.15.1
Bluetooth
2.4
CDMA
1.9
802.11 b, g
Wi-Fi
2.4
2GHz
802.15.3a
UWB
3.1-10.6
802.16
LMDS
28-29
802.11 a, e
Wi-Fi
5.0
5GHz
11GHz
802.16a, e 802.16a, e
WiMAX
WiMAX
5.8
2-11
Licensed &
Unlicensed
Licensed Spectrum vs Unlicensed Spectrum
The use of unlicensed spectrum creates interference issues
29GHz
Licensed
Unlicensed
The road to convergence as seen by SK Telecom in Korea is one which utilizes
Cellular, Broadcast (DMB), and Wireless Internet MAN (WiBRO)
Source: KAZAM Technologies (http://www.kazamtech.com/)