Transcript Review for Final - Woodland Hills School District

Review for Final
•To review all objectives from chapter
7-13 and 16-17
•To review all the vocabulary words
from chapter 7-13 and 16-17
Define Population
• A group of organisms of
the same species that
live in a specific area and
interbreed
Define Species
• A group of organisms
that are closely related
and naturally mate to
produce fertile offspring
Define Evolution
• A change over time; a change of the
characteristics of a population over many
generations
Define Homologous
– Similar, but not identical
• Homologous chromosomes
– chromosomes that have the same sequence of
genes, that have the same structure, and that pair
during meiosis
Define Homologous Structure
• Anatomical structures that have a common
ancestry
Define Analogous
• Similarities that arise through convergent
evolution b/c the organisms live in similar
habitats.
– Sharks (fish) and whales (mammals)
Define Vestigial Structure
• A structure in an organism that is reduced in size
and function. This may have been complete and
functional in the organisms ancestors.
Define Heredity
• The passing of genetic traits from parents to
offspring
Define Dominant Gene
• The gene that is going to expressed (shown) in
the offspring
• Normally the allele with the capital letter
Yellow is dominant
over green 
Expressed as “Aa
or AA”
Define Recessive Gene
• The gene that is not seen if a dominant gene is
present but can be passed on in genes (masked)
• Normally in lower case letters
Green is recessive to
yellow 
Expressed as “Aa or
aa”
10.Who was considered the “Father
of Genetics”?
• The father of genetics was
Gregor Mendel.
• Austrian monk born in 1822
• Used true-breeding pea
plants which always pass on
the same characteristics to
the next generation.
• Carefully planned
experiments to test blending
hypothesis of heredity
11. Differentiate between phenotype
and genotype
• Phenotype: is the physical appearance of the
organism in genetics
– EX.
FF  freckles
• Genotype: is the genetic make up of the
organisms typically represented with letters
12. Explain the difference between homozygous and
heterozygous genotype
• Homozygous: “homo” means the same in Latin:
individuals that have identical alleles for a trait
– Ex.
EE (homozygous dominant)
ee (homozygous recessive)
• Heterozygous: “hetero” means different in Latin;
individuals that have different alleles for a trait
– Ex.
Ee (heterzygous)
13. State and describe the Law of
Independent Assortment
• The law that states that genes on different chromosomes
separate independently of one another in meiosis
14. Complete the following
• F = Freckles present
_F_
_f_
FF
Ff
Genotype Ratio:
Ff
ff
Phenotype Ratio:
_F_
_f_
1 FF : 2 Ff : 1 ff
3 Freckles: 1 No
Freckles
15. What do the letters on the outside of
the punnett square represent?
• The parents’
gametes
Dad’s sperm
Mom’s eggs
16. What do the letters on the inside
of the punnett square represent?
• The probability of what the genetic make up of
the baby will be
17. How many of the offspring would
have freckles?
• 3 out of the 4
• The child has a ¾, 75% or 3 out 4 chance of
having freckles
18. What is a sex-linked trait?
• A trait that is determined by a gene found on one
of the sex chromosomes, such as “X” or “Y”.
• XX female
Ex: hemophilia (X)
colorblindness (X)
hairy ears (Y)
• XY  male
19. What are 3 ways we can predict
the occurrence of a
genetic disorder?
• 1. Karyotyping
• Prenatal testing
• 2. Pedigree
• 3. Genetic Counseling
20.What is a pedigree?
• A family history that shows how a trait is
inherited over several generations
 male
 female
Shaded has
disease and
unshaded is
normal
21. List 2 traits that are caused by
multiple alleles
• 1. Blood Typing
– IAIA
IAi
• 2. Skin Color
IBIB
IBi
IAIB
ii
3. Rabbit fur color
22. What are the 4 different blood
types?
• Blood Typing
–
–
–
–
IAIA Iai  A type Blood
IBIB Ibi  B type Blood
I AI B
 AB type Blood
ii
 O type Blood
23. How do mutations in DNA occur and why
are they important? (Positive and Negative)
• Types of mutations:
– Point mutations : deletion, insertion, & substitution
– Gene mutations: deletion, insertion,duplication,
inversion and translocation
• Positive: they give rise to diversity in the population of a
species (THINK: Sneaker Male Iguana)
• Negative: they can give the population a deadly gene
(THINK: Huntington’s, Parkinson’s and
Mental Retardation)
24. Where did Darwin conduct much
of his research?
• Galapagos Islands
25. Describe the idea of natural
selection as witnessed by Darwin?
Darwin observed that each island had a population of
finches.
The finches looked different from one another,but had
many similarities.
The beaks were the biggest difference.
If the birds were on a island with small seeds (wet season) their
beaks were small.
If the birds were on a island with large seeds (dry season) their
beaks were small
The birds with the appropriate beak size for the island’s
food supply survived.
26. How does natural selection help
to drive a species to change over a
long period of time?
• With natural selection if the environment
changes sometimes a trait that was favorable
will now be unfavorable.
• Example: Darwin’s Finches
– Beak size and food availability
27. List the different types of fossils
Trace fossil or Imprinting: the outline in a rock of an
organism or a trace left
by an organism
Body Fossil: preserved or
mineralized remains
of an organism
28.How do vestigial structure help to
support the theory of evolution?
• You an compare the structures that are shared
between species that may not seemed related.
• The fact that they have the same basic structure
solidifies the facts that they had a common
ancestor
29. How are the amino acids and
DNA sequences used to support the
idea behind evolution?
• You can compare the DNA/amino acid sequence
between species that may not seemed related
• The fact that they have a similar DNA/Amino Acids
sequence solidifies the fact that they had a recent
common ancestor
• The greater the differences, the more distantly related.
30. How does competition help to
drive evolution?
• Competition arises b/c of limited resources such
as food, shelter, suitable mates.
• Those w/ adaptations that make them more fit
will survive, reproduce more successfully and
pass on their genes in the process.
Protein Synthesis = Transcription
(Nucleus) and Translation (Ribosome)
DNA CODE:
CGT
ATG
GCC
TAT
ACA
ATA
GCG
mRNA CODE: ___GCA___UAC____CGG___AUA____UGU___UAU___CGC_
tRNA CODE: ___CGU
AUG
GCC
UAU
ACA
AUA
GCG__
AMINO ACID __alanine__tyrosine_arginine_isoleucine_ cysteine_ tyrosine arginine
SEQUENCE
Produce the complementary strand of DNA for the strand of DNA below:
DNA CODE:
CGT
ATG
GCC
TAT
ACA
ATA
GCG
_GCA__ _TAC___CGG____ATA__ _TGT__ TAT_ _CGC
31. Define Haploid 32.Define Diploid
• Haploid – A cell that has
only one set of
chromosomes.
Example – gamete (egg
or sperm)
• Diploid – A cell that
contains two sets of
chromosomes.
• Example – somatic cells
• zygote (fertilized egg)
33. Define Transcription
• The genetic information for making a protein is
rewritten as a molecule of messenger RNA.
34. Define Translation
• The portion of protein synthesis that takes place
at ribosomes . Codons from mRNA molecules
specify the sequence of amino acids.
35. Define Bacteriophage
• A virus that infects bacteria
• Remember what Hershey
and Chase did
36. Define Population
• A group of organisms of the same species that live
in a specific area and interbreed
37. Define community.
• A group of species that live in the same habitat
and interact with each other.
38. Define habitat.
• The place where an organism usually lives.
• Whose habitat is this?
39. Define niche.
• The position (way of life) of a species in an
ecosystem in terms of the physical characteristics
(such as size, location, temperature, and pH) of
the area where the species lives and the function
of the species in the biological community.
40. Define ecosystem.
• A community of organisms and their abiotic
environment.
41. Define biome.
• A large region characterized by a specific type of
climate and certain types of plant and animal
communities.
42. Define abiotic factors.
• An environmental factor that is not associated
with the activities of living organisms.
• Rocks
•Soil
•Water
•Sunlight
•Air
43. Define biotic factors.
• An environmental factor that is associated with
or results from the activities of living organisms.
44. Define succession.
• The replacement of one type of community by
another at a single location over a period of time.
45. Define producer.
• An organism that can make organic molecules
from inorganic molecules; a photosynthetic or
chemosynthetic autotroph that serves as the
basic food source in an ecosystem.
46. Define consumer.
• An organism that eats other organisms or
organic matter instead of producing its own
nutrients or obtaining nutrients from inorganic
sources.
47. Define herbivore.
• An organism that eats only plants.
48. Define carnivore.
• An animal that eats other animals.
49. Define omnivore.
• An organism that eats both plants and animals.
50. Define detritivore.
• A consumer that feeds on dead plants and
animals.
51. Define decomposer.
• An organism that feeds by breaking down
organic matter from dead organisms; examples
include bacteria and fungi.
52. What is crossing over and why
is it important?
• The exchange of genetic material between homologous
chromosomes results in genetic recombination which is
essential to evolution.
• This is important because this is
how we get genetic variation
between siblings
53. What are the 3 different ways
asexual reproduction occurs?
• In asexual reproduction, a single parent passes
exact copies of all of its DNA to its offspring.
• Fission
• Fragmentation
• Budding
54. Describe the process of
transformation?
• Transformation, a change in genotype caused
when cells take up foreign genetic material.
55. Describe the structure of DNA
(Parts, shape, components)
1. Made up of
2. A Nucleotide is made up
many nucleotides of a sugar, nitrogen base and
A, T, C, G
phosphate
3. Double helix in
shape (Twisted
Ladder)
56. Complete the following diagrams of the
processes of cell division in humans, also label
each process
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokinese I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokinese I
Cytokinese II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
57. List the difference between DNA
and RNA
•
•
•
•
DNA
Double stranded
Deoxyribose
Found In Nucleus
• 1 type
• Master copy
• Thymine present
•
•
•
•
RNA
Single stranded
Ribose
Found in nucleus &
cytoplasm
• 3 types
• Blue print
• Uracil present
58. What is replication and when
and where does it occur?
• DNA is copied
• Occurs in the nucleus
• Takes place during the
synthesis phase of the cell
cycle.
• Enzymes separate the two
strands
• New strands are synthesized
by base-pairing with the
original strand
59. List the different forms of RNA
also explain the function.
• Messenger RNA - carries
instructions for making a
protein from a gene on the
DNA in the nucleus and
delivers it to the site of
translation. (mailman)
• Ribosomal RNA –
responsible for ribosome
function. (factory)
• Transfer RNA - single strands
of RNA that temporarily carry
a specific amino acid.
(delivery man)
60. What is the difference between a
codon and an anticodon?
• Codon - The RNA
instructions are written as a
series of three-nucleotide
sequences on the mRNA
called codons.
• Anticodon - a threenucleotide sequence on a
tRNA that is complementary
to an mRNA codon.
61. List where the following
processes occur
• DNA Replication - Nucleus
• Transcription - Nucleus
• Translation - cytoplasm
62. Who was Chargaff and what rule
did he propose?
•
•
•
•
•
American Biochemist
Studied the nucleotide composition
of many samples of DNA.
Amounts of nucleotides varied with
each sample of DNA.
Thymine equals Adenine
and Guanine = Cytosine.
63. What are the differences and similarities
between a food chain and a food web?
•A food chain the pathway of energy transfer
through various stages as a result of the feeding
patterns of a series of organisms.
•A food web a diagram that shows the feeding
relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.
•They both show energy transfer from one organism
to the next.
63. Food chain
Food web
64. What is an energy pyramid? What types of
organisms are found at each trophic level?
•An energy pyramid is a triangular diagram that shows an
ecosystem’s loss of energy, which results as energy passes
through the ecosystem’s food chain
•Each row in the pyramid represents a trophic (feeding) level
in an ecosystem.
•The area of a row represents the pathway of energy transfer
through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of
a series of organisms.
65. What % of the energy at a trophic level ends up
in the next trophic level above it?
10%
66. Primary
succession
Secondary
succession
• Primary succession is
• Secondary succession is the
succession that begins in
process by which one
an area that previously did
community replaces another
not support life
community that has been
partially or totally destroyed
67. Define symbiosis
• Symbiosis a relationship in which two
different organisms live in close
association with each other
68. Distinguish between parasitism,
commensalism and mutualism
• Parasitism is a relationship between two species
in which one species, the parasite, benefits
• from the other species, the host, and usually
harms the host.
• Commensalism is a relationship between two
organisms in which one organism benefits and
the other is unaffected.
• Mutualism is a relationship between two species
in which both species benefit.