Transcript Document
Fischer Tropsch Diesel
Production Through Black
Liquor Gasification
Chelsey MacNeill
2006 SAE WISE Intern
Presentation Overview
Background
Issue Definition
Fischer Tropsch and Black Liquor
Impact
What are they?
Pulp &Paper
Transportation
Current and Future R&D Sources
Conclusions
Background
Agenda 2020
Created in 1994 with the goal to address emissions and energy
consumption within the pulp and paper industry
Redefined itself as a partnership among several government
agencies, the forest products industry, and academia to develop
biofuels technologies
June 2006- AF&PA Released Forest Products Industry
Technology Roadmap
Introduces a new business model based on seven technology
platforms
FT fuels production is a part of the “Advancing the Integrated
Forest Product Biorefinery (IFPB)” platform
Issue Definition
What’s Wrong?
Low efficiency
High pollution
Strict standards
Finite energy source
High dependence on
foreign oil
FT through BLG offers…
Increased efficiency
Reduced emissions
Advanced Properties
Renewable
Homegrown
That was easy you can go home now
Issue Definition
Not so fast there is a catch…
High Risk
Undeveloped Technology
$$$
FT BTL standardization
Fischer Tropsch Process
Discovered by two German scientists in 1925 in order
to produce liquid fuel from coal feedstock
A process in which a synthesis gas (i.e. syngas)
consisting of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is
reacted with a cobalt catalyst under certain pressures
and temperatures to produce a liquid distillate
The feedstock which is referred to as a syngas can
come from coal, methane or gasified biomass such as
gasified black liquor
Black Liquor Gasification
Black Liquor is a pulping residue left over
after the removal of cellulose and pulping
chemicals for papermaking
Today, Black Liquor is inefficiently burned in
boilers to produce electricity
But if Black Liquor were gasified…
Black Liquor Gasification
Possible Product Streams
Products
Pulp & Paper Industry
Potential products from a Forest
Biorefinery Model Mill
1.1 million barrels FT liquid fuel
19 million gallons ethanol
6 million gallons of acetic acid
Additional electricity capacity
(Annual Basis)
Benefits
Pulp & Paper
Yearly quantified benefits of IFPB:
$9 million new revenue for pulp and paper
industry
175 million barrels of oil per year in energy
savings
153 million tons of reduced CO2
165,000 new jobs in rural America
Challenges
Partners are needed to minimize financial and
technical risk.
No one has attempted to marry biomass gasifiers
to a gas-to-liquid plant and integrate both units
with a pulp mill
The project would be large and technically
complicated, relying on multidisciplinary
technological breakthroughs
more efficient and affordable enzymes are needed for
cellulose extraction
Impacts
Diesel Industry
“You are what you eat”
Applies to cars as well
Vehicle emissions standards (set by E.P.A) must be
supported by the right market fuels
Advanced emission control systems require advanced
fuels
Fuel Properties Comparison
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Standard
D2
BTL Fuel
3-D
Column 4
Sulphur
ppm
Aromatics
ppm
Cetane
Heat of
Number Combustion
N/A
103 BTU/lb
What this means to an engine
IN
Sulphur
Aromatics
Low Cetane
Lower HV
OUT
PM, NOx traps
Soot
CO2
Less Energy
By reducing sulphur and aromatic content you eliminate
the mechanisms to create harmful emissions
Who Cares?
Effect on Original Equipment Manufacturers
Immediate reduction in emissions
without the wait for fleet turn over
Without advanced fuels engine control
strategies are limited
BTL fuels are compatible with current
infrastructure and could be delivered
immediately
Implementation Concerns
Standardization
ASTM D 975
ASTM D 6751
Lubricity
Compatibility of seal materials
A lot of unknowns
Further testing in needed to answer
technical questions
Biomass Energy Policy
R&D Funding
Farm Bill of 2002
Farm Bill of 2007
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Farm Bill 0f 2002
1st Farm Bill to contain an energy title
Renewable Energy and Energy
Efficiency (Sec. 9006)
Established competitive grant programs to
support R&D of biorefineries
Cut then restored
Provides roughly $20 MM/year
Farm Bill of 2007
EPACT 2005
Integrated Biorefinery Demonstration Projects
Biomass Research and Development Act of
2000
Authorized $100 MM FY 07, $125 FY 08
$142 million has been awarded for 62 projects
Also funded through Farm Bill
Regional Biomass Energy Programs
Received NO FY 06 funding
Was not reauthorized in EPACT 2005
Recommendations
Congress
Make a long term commitment to clean, renewable
alternatives by:
Reauthorizing the Energy Title of the 2007 Farm Bill
Continuing to fund Biomass R&D Act of 2000
Creating of National Bioenergy Trust Fund
Considering funding the Regional Biomass programs through Fuel
Choices for American Security Act
Recommendations
Agenda 2020
Create a Committee whose goals would be:
Lobby Congress
Most biofuels legislation are directed towards corn ethanol
and biodiesel because they have worked towards recognition
Work towards ASTM standardization
New Standard for FT fuels independent of feedstock or as a
biodiesel
Help organize and prepare applications to federal
grants to obtain funding for projects within the pulp
and paper industry
Questions
Academia
U.S DOE
USDA
AF&PA