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Carsharing in North America:
Current Developments and Future Potential
Adam Cohen
Susan Shaheen, Ph.D.
Innovative Mobility Research
University of California, Berkeley
MUTA International Forum
October 4th, 2007
Overview
• About carsharing
• State-of-the-industry
• Market structure
• Growth obstacles &
opportunities
• Policy approaches
• Future developments
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Definition
• Carsharing Organizations Maintain a Fleet of
Cars and Trucks in a Network of Locations.
• Allows Households and Businesses to
Access Shared Fleet on As-Needed Basis,
Generally for a Fee.
=> Individuals Gain Benefits of Private Vehicle
Use Without Costs and Responsibilities of
Ownership.
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Carsharing Impacts
Benefits include transportation, environmental,
land-use, and social effects
Region
Number of
Vehicles
Replaced
Due to One
Carsharing
Vehicle
Percent of
Participants
Who Sold
Private
Vehicle After
Joining
Carsharing
Percent of
Participants
Who Postponed
or Avoided
Vehicle
Purchase Due
to Carsharing
Percent of
Vehicle
Kilometers
Reduced
Due to
Carsharing
Europe
4 to 10
15.6 to 34%
23 to 26.2%
28 to 45%
North
America
6 to 23
11 to 29%
12 to 68%
7.6 to 80%
(Avg. of 44%
across
studies)
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Carsharing Worldwide (2006)
• Approximately 600 Cities
• 18 Nations on 4 Continents
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Number of Organizations
20
17
U.S.
16
14
14
14
12
Closures
10
8
8
1
2
2
3
13
14
11 11
9
5 6
5
4
18
15
Canada
12
18
4
2
0
-1
-4
-1
-1
-1 -1
-2
-2
-2
-3
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
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-2
6
U.S. Trends
*September 2007: Estimated 185,000 Members in U.S.
120,000
6,000
Members
Vehicles
101,993
5,000
90,000
60,000
52,347
4,000
2,558
3,000
Vehicles
Members
76,420
2,000
30,000
25,640
1,192
907
214
0
69 10
5,377
280
422
16
12,098
455
696
26
1,000
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
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Canadian Trends
*September 2007: Estimated 28,000 Members in Canada
15,663
15000
Members
Vehicles
11,932
9,983
10000
779
Vehicles
Members
1000
599
7,007
520
5,063
5000
3,759
397
500
311
220
2,080
1,455
836
100
127
59
0
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
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Growth Dynamics
Percent Increase in
Members (2003 –2007*)
200%
150%
Canada
100%
US
50%
*2007 Estimated
0%
2003-2005
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Member-Vehicle Ratios (2006)
• Worldwide average 20:1
• Higher member-vehicle ratios in the United
States, Switzerland, and Germany
• 40:1 in the United States
• 36:1 in Switzerland
• 33:1 in Germany
• Reasons: market diversification, business/fleet
users, mobility insurance, multiple
memberships, and venture capital investment
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North American Member Vehicle Ratios
70.0
64.1
Members Per Vehicle
60.0
57.7
50.0
39.9
40.0
US
36.8
Canada
30.0
19.2
20.0
14.2
10.0
16.2
14.6 16.4
26.6
13.4
17.1
16.3
17.6
19.2
19.9
20.1
6.9
0.0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
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Member-Vehicle Ratios (Cont’d)
• U.S. members use vehicles less frequently
& as mobility insurance.
• Canadian members depend more on
carsharing.
• Canadian members pay higher member
fees/buy-ins & lower rates with little or no
free miles.
• U.S. members pay fewer/lower membership
fees & high rates free miles.
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Insurance (2005)
• In 2005, high insurance rates were a
key challenge for most N.A. carsharing
organizations.
• This had been a substantial obstacle to
organizations interested in the college
market.
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Insurance (2007)
• Although insurance remains expensive,
it is no longer perceived as a
substantial barrier.
• Although challenges remain, many
large organizations now offer service
and target college markets.
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Demographic Markets (2005)
U.S.
Canada
Business
12.3%
Commuter
0.1%
Low Income
1.3%
College
4.6%
Neighborhood
81.7%
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Business
3.2%
Low Income
0.4%
College
0.4%
Neighborhood
96.0%
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Government Fleets (2005-2006)
• Philly CarShare and City CarShare were the
first to demonstrate the potential of
offsetting government fleets with carsharing
vehicles. (Philadelphia, PA and Berkeley, CA)
• Portland has a 5-year contact with Flexcar
that allows city government employees to
use its service, enabling the City of Portland
to reduce its fleet and save an estimated 30%
vs. its historic motor pool costs.
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College Market (2007)
• Incredible growth of the college market,
particularly in the U.S.
• In the U.S., six carsharing
organizations serve more than 50
colleges and universities.
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Summary
Future Developments: Worldwide
• Exploratory efforts in 7 countries:
China, Ireland, Israel, Kenya, Portugal,
South Africa, and Zambia
• New launch in New Zealand in Auckland
(Sept 07)
• Expansion into developing nations
• Growth of multi-national organizations
• Increased competition
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Summary:
Top Trends in North America
• Public policy debate, particularly around
taxation and parking
• Continued Growth
• Increased competition
• Fleet Reduction Strategy
• Continued growth of the college/university
market
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Acknowledgements
• North American Carsharing Organizations
• Dave Brook, Kevin McLaughlin, Adam Millard-Ball,
Kamill Wipyewski
• Worldwide Experts
• University of California Transportation Center (UCTC)
• California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)
• Honda Motor Company
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www.innovativemobility.org
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