Transcript Lecture 1 - Test Page for Apache Installation

Computer Graphics
CSC 830
Lecture notes 2
OpenGL
What is OpenGL?
• It is NOT a language.
• It is a Graphics Rendering API (Application
Programmer’s Interface) that is a set of function
with well defined interface.
• Whenever we say that a program is OpenGL-based
or OpenGL applications, we mean that it is written
in some programming language (such as C/C++ or
Java) that makes calls to one or more of OpenGL
libraries.
• OpenGL is Not Object-Oriented. OpenGL API
does not make use of features such as overloading
that are available in object-oriented languages. ->
I will show examples with C language bindings.
2
A History of OpenGL
• Was SGI’s Iris GL – basis for “Open”GL
• “Open” standard allowing for wide range hardware
platforms
• OpenGL v1.0 (1992)
• OpenGL v1.1 (1995)
• OpenGL v1.5 (latest)
• Governed by OpenGL Architecture Review Board
(ARB) which has members from such as Silicon
Graphics, IBM, and NVIDIA.
• “Mesa” – an Open source (http://www.mesa3d.org)
Useful Websites and
Books
• Official Site
http://www.opengl.org
• Non official sites
– http://nehe.gamedev.net/
• BOOKS
– OpenGL : A Primer
– OpenGL Red Book &
– OpenGL Blue Book
4
Useful Links
• Online Reference manual sites
• GL and GLU
http://www.mevis.de/~uwe/opengl/opengl.html
• GLUT
http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net/documentation/manual/refer
ence-GLUT.html
5
Three View of OpenGL
• Programmer’s view
– Specifying a set of objects to render
– Describing properties of these objects
– Defining how these objects should be viewed
• State machine
– Keeps states that affects appearances of input ie.
States determines how the inputs are processed.
– Change state (such as color) by using state changing
functions
• OpenGL uses Rendering Pipeline Model
– Models -> Transformer -> Clipper -> Projector ->
Rasterizer -> Image
6
OpenGL API Functions
• OpenGL contains over 200 functions
– Primitive functions : define the elements (eg. A
point, line, polygon, etc)
– Attribute functions : control the appearance of
primitives (eg. colors, line types, light source,
textures.)
– Viewing functions : determine the properties
of camera. Transformation
– Windowing functions: not part of core OpenGL
– Other functions
7
Window Management
• OpenGL is meant to be platform
independent. i.e. OpenGL is window
and operating system independent.
• OpenGL does not include any
functions for window management,
user interaction, and file I/O.
• Host environment is responsible for
window management.
8
Window Management API
• We need additional libraries to
handle window management
• GLX/AGL/WGL - glue between
OpenGL and windowing systems
• GLUT - OpenGL Window
Interface/Utility toolkit
• AUX - OpenGL Utility Toolkit
9
OpenGL API Hierarchy
OpenGL Division of Labor
• GL - “core” library of OpenGL that is
platform independent
• GLU - an auxiliary library that
handles a variety of graphics
accessory functions
• GLUT/AUX - utility toolkits that
handle window managements
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Libraries and Headers
Library Name
Library File
Header File
Note
OpenGL
opengl32.lib (PC)
-lgl (UNIX)
gl.h
“core”
library
Auxiliary library
glu32.lib (PC)
-lglu
glu.h
handles a
variety of
accessory
functions
Utility toolkits
glut32.lib (PC)
-lglut (UNIX)
glaux.lib (PC)
-lglaux (UNIX)
glut.h
glaux.h
window
managemen
ts
All are presented in the C language
Learning OpenGL with
GLUT
• GLUT is a Window Manager (handles
window creation, user interaction,
callbacks, etc)
• http://www.opengl.org/resources/libraries
/glut/spec3/spec3.html
• Platform Independent
• Makes it easy to learn and write OpenGL
programs without being distracted by your
environment
• All of our discussions will be presented in
C/C++ language
13
Include Header files
Include the necessary header files in your code
#include <GL/gl.h>
thing is required
#include <GL/glu.h>
functions
#include <GL/glut.h>
managements
// “core”, the only
// handles accessory
// handles window
void main( int argc, char **argv )
{
…..
}
Only the “core” library (opengl32.lib, gl.h) are required
Link Libraries
Link the necessary Libraries to your code
• Link GL library
– Link opengl32.lib (PC), or -lgl (UNIX)
• Link GLU library
– Link glu32.lib (PC), or -lglu (UNIX)
• Link GLUT library
– Link glut32.lib (PC), or -lglut (UNIX)
Programming Convention :
OpenGL Data Types
To make it easier to convert OpenGL code
from one platform to another, OpenGL
defines its own data types that map to
normal C data types
GLshort A[10];
short A[10];
GLdouble B;
double B;
Programming Convention :
OpenGL Data Types
OpenGL Data Type
Representation
As C Type
GLbyte
8-bit integer
signed char
GLshort
16-bit integer
short
GLint, GLsizei
32-bit integer
long
GLfloat
32-bit float
float
GLdouble
64-bit float
double
GLubyte, GLboolean
8-bit unsigned integer unsigned char
GLushort
16-bit unsigned short
GLunit, GLenum, GLbitfield 32-bit unsigned
integer
unsigned short
unsigned long
Programming Convention :
OpenGL Function Naming
OpenGL functions all follow a naming convention
that tells you which library the function is from,
and how many and what type of arguments that
the function takes
<Library prefix><Root command><Argument count><Argument type>
Programming Convention :
OpenGL Function Naming
glColor3f(…)
gl library Root command, # of arguments, type of arguments
gl means OpenGL
glu means GLU
glut means GLUT
f: the argument is float type
i: the argument is integer type
v: the argument requires a vector
Programming Convention :
OpenGL Function Naming
• Multiple forms of OpenGL functions
to support the variety of data types
–
–
–
–
–
–
glVertex3i(ix, iy, iz)
glVertex3f(x, y, z)
glVertex2i(ix, iy)
glVertex2f(x, y)
..
We shall use the notation glVertex*() to
refer to all the forms of the vertex
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function
Basic OpenGL Coding
Framework
1.
Configure GL (and GLUT) - Open window,
Display mode, ……
2. Initialize OpenGL state - background
color, light, View positions, ……
3. Register callback functions - Render,
Interaction (keyboard, mouse), ……
4. Event processing loop - glutMainLoop()
21
A Sample Program
void main (int argc, char **argv)
{
glutInit (&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize (500, 500);
1
glutCreateWindow (“My First Program");
myinit ();
2
glutDisplayFunc ( display );
glutReshapeFunc ( resize );
3
glutKeyboardFunc ( key );
glutMainLoop ();
}
4
1: Initializing & Creating
Window
Set up window/display you’re going to use
void main (int argc, char **argv)
{
glutInit (&argc, argv);
// GLUT initialization
glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB); // display model
glutInitWindowSize (500, 500);
// window size
glutCreateWindow (“My First Program");
// create window
……
}
GLUT Initializing Functions
• Standard GLUT initialization
void glutInit (int *argc, char ** argv)
• Display model
void glutInitDisplayMode (unsigned int mode)
–Define color model : GLUT_RGB or GLUT_INDEX
–Define buffering: GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_DOUBLE
• Window size and position
void glutInitWindowSize (int width, int height)
void glutInitWindowPosition(int x, int y)
- top-left corner of the screen in pixel
• Create window
int glutCreateWindow (char *title);
2: Initializing OpenGL
State
Set up whatever state you’re going to use
void myinit(void)
{
glClearColor(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
// background color
glColor3f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
// line color
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
// followings set up viewing
glLoadIdentity();
gluOrtho2D(0.0, 500.0, 0.0, 500.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
}
Event Loops and Callback
Functions
• Interactive programs react to the
events such as mouse or keyboard
events and window events.
• Callback Function - Routine to call when
something happens (eg. window resize, redraw,
user input, etc)
• GLUT uses a callback mechanism to do
its event processing
GLUT Callback Functions
• Contents of window need to be refreshed
glutDisplayFunc()
• Window is resized or moved
glutReshapeFunc()
• Key action
glutKeyboardFunc()
• Mouse button action
glutMouseFunc()
• Mouse moves while a button is pressed
glutMotionFunc()
• Mouse moves regardless of mouse button state
glutPassiveMouseFunc()
• Called when nothing else is going on
glutIdleFunc()
3: Register Callback Functions
Set up any callback function you’re going to use
void main (int argc, char **argv)
{
……
glutDisplayFunc ( display );
// display callback
glutReshapeFunc ( resize );
// window resize callback
glutKeyboardFunc ( key );
// keyboard callback
……
}
Rendering Callback
It’s here that does all of your OpenGL rendering
void display( void )
{
int k;
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
for( k=0; k<5000; k++)
……
}
Window Resize Callback
It’s called when the window is resized or moved
void resize(int w, int h)
{
……
display();
}
Keyboard Input Callback
It’s called when a key is struck on the keyboard
void key( char mkey, int x, int y )
{
switch( mkey )
{
case ‘q’ :
exit( EXIT_SUCCESS );
break;
……
}
}
4. Event Process Loop
This is where your application receives events,
and schedules when callback functions are called
void main (int argc, char **argv)
{
……
glutMainLoop();
}
2D Geometric Primitives
• Primitives – fundamental entities
such as point and polygons
• Basic types of geometric primitives
– Points
– Line segments
– Polygons
33
2D Geometric Primitives
GL_POINTS
GL_POLYGON
GL_LINES
GL_QUADS
GL_LINE_STRIP
GL_LINE_LOOP
GL_TRIANGLES GL_TRIANGLE_FAN
All geometric primitives are specified by vertices
34
Geometry Commands
• glBegin(GLenum type)
marks the beginning of a vertex-data list
that describes a geometric primitives
• glEnd (void)
marks the end of a vertex-data list
• glVertex*(…)
specifies vertex for describing a geometric object
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Specifying Geometric
Primitives
glBegin( type );
glVertex*(…);
……
glVertex*(…);
glEnd();
type determines how vertices are combined
36
Types
GL_POINTS
GL_POLYGON
GL_LINES
GL_QUADS
GL_LINE_STRIP
GL_LINE_LOOP
GL_TRIANGLES GL_TRIANGLE_FAN
37
Types
GL_POINTS
GL_LINES : each successive pair for a ling segment
GL_LINE_STRIP: vertices defining a sequence of
line segments
GL_LINE_LOOP: GL_LINE_STRIP + the last vertex
connects to the first
GL_POLYGON : sequence of vertices of polygon,
filled
GL_QUADS: each successive group of four vertices
for a quadrilaterals
GL_TRIANGLES: each successive group of three
vertices for a triangle
GL_TRIANGLE_FAN: first three vertices for the
first triangle and each subsequent vertex with
the first vertex and the previous vertex for the
next triangle
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Attribute : Line
void glLineWidth(GLfloat width)
– Set the width in pixel. Default is 1.0
void glLineStripple(GLint factor, GLushort
pattern)
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Rectangles
• glRect*() – defines 2D filled
rectangle aligned with the axes.
void glRect{sifd} (TYPE x1, TYPE y1, TYPE x2, TYPE y2);
40
Example
void drawSquare ()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex2f ( 0.0, 0.0 );
glVertex2f ( 1.0, 0.0 );
glVertex2f ( 1.1, 1.1 );
glVertex2f ( 0.0, 1.0 );
glEnd();
glFlush();
// force the renderer to output the results
}
41
OpenGL Color
• There are two color models in
OpenGL
– RGB Color (True Color)
– Indexed Color (Color map)
42
RGB Color Model
•R, G, B components are stored for each pixel
43
RGB Color
Red
Green
Blue
44
How Many Colors?
color_depth
2
Color number =
For example:
4-bit color
4 = 16 colors
2
8-bit color
28 = 256 colors
24-bit color
224= 16.77 million colors
45
How Much Memory?
Buffer size = width * height *color
depth
For example:
If width = 640, height = 480, color depth = 24 bits
Buffer size = (640 * 480 * 2) bytes
If
width = 640, height = 480, color depth = 32 bits
Buffer size = (640 * 480 * 4) bytes
46
Alpha Component
Alpha value
A value indicating the pixels opacity
0 usually represents totally transparent and
the 1 represents completely opaque
Alpha buffer
Hold the alpha value for every pixel
Alpha values are commonly represented in 8
bits, in which case transparent to opaque
ranges from 0 to 255
47
RGB Color Commands
• glColor*(…)
specifies vertex colors
• glClearColor(r, g, b, a)
sets current color for cleaning color buffer
48
Example
void drawLine (GLfloat *color)
{
glColor3fv ( color );
glBegin(GL_LINE);
glVertex2f ( 0.0, 0.0 );
glVertex2f ( 1.0, 0.0 );
glEnd();
}
49
Example
void drawLine (GLfloat *color)
{
glBegin(GL_LINE);
glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0 );
glVertex2f ( 0.0, 0.0 );
glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0);
glVertex2f ( 1.0, 0.0 );
glEnd();
}
50
Color Interpolation
glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH);
Or
glShadeModel(GL_FLAT); - the last
vertex color
• Linear interpolation for a line
• Bilinear interpolation for a polygons
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2D Viewing
• Where do we draw the 2D object?
– Assume that we draw objects on an
infinite sheet of paper
– Then we need to specify clipping region
and project these 2D objects to the
screen
void gluOrtho2D(GLdouble left, GLdouble right,
GLdouble bottom, GLdouble top);
52
Coordinate Systems and
Transformation
• Identify which matrix we wish to
alter
• Set the matrix to an identity matrix
• Alter the matrix to form the desired
matrix
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluOrtho2D(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0);
53
Coordinate Systems and
Transformation
glMatrixMode(GLenum mode);
– Identify which matrix we wish to alter –
The mode is usually GL_MODELVIEW,
GL_PROJECTION
glLoadIdentity();
– Set the current matrix to an identity
matrix
54
Enabling GL Features
• Features – lighting, hidden-surface
removal, texture mapping, etc…
• Each feature will slow down the rendering
process.
• We can enable/disable each feature
individually
void glEnable(GLenum feature)
void glDisable(GLenum feature)
Eg. glEnable(GL_LINE_STRIPPLE);
55
Enabling GL Features
GL_ALPHA_TEST
If enabled, do alpha testing.
GL_AUTO_NORMAL
If enabled, generate normal vectors when either GL_MAP2_VERTEX_3 or
GL_MAP2_VERTEX_4 is used to generate vertices. See glMap2.
GL_BLEND
If enabled, blend the incoming RGBA color values with the values in the color buffers..
GL_CLIP_PLANE i
If enabled, clip geometry against user-defined clipping plane i..
GL_COLOR_LOGIC_OP
If enabled, apply the currently selected logical operation to the incoming RGBA color and color
buffer values.
GL_COLOR_MATERIAL
If enabled, have one or more material parameters track the current color.
GL_COLOR_TABLE
If enabled, preform a color table lookup on the incoming RGBA color values.
GL_CONVOLUTION_1D
If enabled, perform a 1D convolution operation on incoming RGBA color values.
GL_CONVOLUTION_2D
……
If enabled, perform a 2D convolution operation on incoming RGBA color values.
56
Queries
• OpenGL state can be queried by
– void glGet*(GLenum name, Type *value);
– Eg.
GLfloat color_array[4];
glGetFloatv(GL_CURRENT_COLOR,color_array);
• Check if a feature has been enabled
by
– GLboolean glIsEnabled(GLenum feature);
- returns GL_TRUE or GL_FALSE
57
Saving the State
• State changing functions –
overwrites the state variables
• We can store previous state values
for later use
– Matrix stacks
void glPushMatrix()
void glPopMatrix()
– Attribute stacks
void glPishAttrib(GLbitfield mask)
void glPopAttrib()
58
Saving the State
glMatrix(GL_PROJECTION)
// set projection matrix
// draw scene
glPushMatrix();
// change the project matrix
//draw scene
glPopMatrix();
59
Callback : Reshape
void glutReshapeFunc(void (*f) (int width, int height));
– invoked whenever the use changes the
size of the window using the mouse.
width and height is the new window size.
– Usually you want to take care of a new
aspect ratio (width-to-height ratio).
60
Callback : Idle
void glutIdleFunc(void (*)f (void))
– f will be executed whenever there are
no other events to be handled.
– necessary for animation
61
Callback : Idle
glutIdleFunc(myidle);
void myidle()
{
glutPostRedisplay();
}
: Request the display callback to
be executed after the current callback
returns
62
Double Buffering
• Use two buffers :front buffer and
back buffer to guarantee to display a
fully redrawn butter image
glutSwapBuffers();
– Replace glFlush() by
glutSwapBuffer() in the display
callback
63
Keyboard Interaction
glutKeyboardFunc(void *f (unsigned char key, int
x, int y))
• f is called when any key on the keyboard is pressed. (x, y) is
the position of the mouse in the window given in pixel
measured from the upper-left corner of the window.
glutKeyboardFunc(mykey);
void mykey(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
if(key==‘q’)
exit(0);
}
64
Keyboard Interaction
• Special Keys (defined in glut.h)
glutSpecialFunc(void *f (int key, int x, int y))
glutSpecialFunc(myskey);
void mykey(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
if(key== GLIT_KEY_F1)
..
if(key== GLIT_KEY_UP)
…
}
65
Keyboard Interaction
• int glutGetModifiers() – returns the
logical AND of
GLUT_ACTIVE_SHIFT,
GLUT_ACTIVE_CTRL or
GLUT_ACTIVE_ALT if that key is
pressed at the time a mouse of
keyboard event is generated.
if(glutGetModifiers() & GLUT_ACTIVE_CTRL) && (key
== ‘c’)) exit(0);
66
Mouse Interaction
void glutMouseFunc(void (*f) (int button,
int state, int x, int y);
– register mouse callback function
– Button : GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON,
GLUT_RIGHT_BUTTON,
GLUT_MIDDLE_BUTTON
– State: GLUT_UP, GLUT_DOWN
67
Mouse Interaction
void glutMotionFunc(void (*f) (int x, int
y)); -- mouse moved with button
down
void glutPassiveMotionFunc(void (*f) (int x, int
-- mouse moved without button
down
y);
– (x,y) is the current position of the
mouse
• void glutEntryFunc(void (*f) (int
state)) ;
– specifies the mouse entry callback
– state : GLUT_ENTERED, GLUT_LEFT
68
Null Callback
• When we no longer need a callback.
glutIdleFunc(Null);
69
Camera Analogy
The graphics transformation process is
analogous to taking a photograph with a
camera
- Place objects
- Position camera
- Adjust camera
- Produce photograph
70
Transformations and Camera Analogy
• Modeling transformation
– Positioning and moving the model.
• Viewing transformation
– Positioning and aiming camera in the
world.
• Projection transformation
– Adjusting the lens of the camera.
• Viewport transformation
– Enlarging or reducing the physical
photograph.
71
OpenGL Transformation
Pipeline
72
Transformations in
OpenGL
• Transformations are specified by
matrix operations. Desired
transformation can be obtained by a
sequence of simple transformations
that can be concatenated together.
• Transformation matrix is usually
represented by 4x4 matrix
(homogeneous coordinates).
• Provides matrix stacks for each
type of supported matrix to store
matrices.
73
Programming
Transformations
• In OpenGL, the transformation matrices
are part of the state, they must be
defined prior to any vertices to which they
are to apply.
• In modeling, we often have objects
specified in their own coordinate systems
and must use transformations to bring the
objects into the scene.
• OpenGL provides matrix stacks for each
type of supported matrix (model-view,
74
projection, texture) to store matrices.
Steps in Programming
• Define matrices:
– Viewing/modeling, projection, viewport
…
• Composite transformations
75
Transformation Matrix
Operation
• Current Transformation Matrix (CTM)
– The matrix that is applied to any vertex
that is defined subsequent to its setting.
• If change the CTM, we change the
state of the system.
• CTM is a 4 x 4 matrix that can be
altered by a set of functions.
76
Current Transformation
Matrix
The CTM can be set/reset/modify (by postmultiplication) by a matrix
Ex:
C <= M
// set to matrix M
C <= CT
// post-multiply by T
C <= CS
// post-multiply by S
C <= CR
// post-multiply by R
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Current Transformation
Matrix
• Each transformation actually creates
a new matrix that multiplies the CTM;
the result, which becomes the new
CTM.
• CTM contains the cumulative product
of multiplying transformation
matrices.
Ex: If
C <= M; C <= CT; C <= CR; C <= CS
Then
C=MTRS
78
Ways to Specify
Transformations
• In OpenGL, we usually have two
styles of specifying transformations:
– Specify matrices ( glLoadMatrix,
glMultMatrix )
– Specify operations ( glRotate,
glTranslate )
79
Specifying Matrix
•
•
•
•
Identify current matrix
Modify current matrix
Load current matrix
Multiple current matrix
80
Specifying Matrix (1)
• Identify current matrix
glMatrixMode (mode)
Specified what transformation matrix is modified.
mode:
GL_MODELVIEW
GL_PROJECTION
81
Specifying Matrix(2)
• Modify current matrix
glLoadMatrix{fd} ( Type *m )
Set the 16 values of current matrix to those
specified by m.
Note: m is the 1D array of 16 elements arranged by the
columns of the desired matrix
82
Specifying Matrix(3)
• Modify current matrix
glLoadIdentity ( void )
Set the currently modifiable matrix to the 4x4
identity matrix.
83
Specifying Matrix(4)
• Modify current matrix
glMultMatrix{fd} ( Type *m )
Multiple the matrix specified by the 16 values
pointed by m by the current matrix, and stores the
result as current matrix.
Note: m is the 1D array of 16 elements arranged by the
columns of the desired matrix
84
Specifying Operations
• Three OpenGL operation routines for
modeling transformations:
– Translation
– Scale
– Rotation
85
Recall
• Three elementary 3D transformations
Translation:
1

0

=
(
)
T dx, dy , d z
0

0
Scale:
sx

0

=
S (sx , s y , sz) 
0

0
0
1
0
0
0
sy
0
0
0
0
1
0
d x

d y
d z

1
0
0
sz
0
0

0
0

1
86
Recall
Rotation Rx (q )
1
0
0

0 cosq - sin q

=
Rx (q )
0 sin q cosq

0
0
0
0

0
0

1
Rotation Ry (q )
 cosq

0

=
Ry(q )
- sin q

 0
0

0
0

1
Rotation Rz (q )
cosq - sin q

sin q cosq

=
(
Rz q )
 0
0

0
 0
0 sin q
1
0
0 cosq
0
0
0
0
1
0
0

0
0

1
87
Specifying Operations (1)
• Translation
glTranslate {fd} (TYPE x, TYPE y, TYPE z)
Multiplies the current matrix by a matrix that
translates an object by the given x, y, z.
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Specifying Operations (2)
• Scale
glScale {fd} (TYPE x, TYPE y, TYPE z)
Multiplies the current matrix by a matrix that
scales an object by the given x, y, z.
89
Specifying Operations (3)
• Rotate
glRotate {fd} (TPE angle, TYPE x, TYPE y, TYPE z)
Multiplies the current matrix by a matrix that rotates
an object in a counterclockwise direction about the ray
from origin through the point by the given x, y, z. The
angle parameter specifies the angle of rotation in
degree.
90
Order of
Transformations
• The transformation matrices
appear in reverse order to that in
which the transformations are
applied.
• In OpenGL, the transformation
specified most recently is the one
applied first.
91
Order of Transformations
• In each step:
C <= I
C <= CT(4.0, 5.0, 6.0)
C <= CR(45, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
C < = CT(-4.0, -5.0, -6.0)
• Finally
C = T(4.0, 5.0, 6.0) CR(45, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0) CT(-4.0, -5.0, 6.0)
Write it
Read it
92
Matrix Multiplication is Not
Commutative
First rotate, then translate =>
First translate, then rotate =>
93
Viewing-Modeling
Transformation
• If given an object, and I want to render
it from a viewpoint, what information do
I have to have?
– Viewing position
– Which way I am looking at
– Which way is “up”
…..
94
Viewing Position
y
y
R, T
x
z
x
z
• Translation
• Rotation
Camera
95
Where I am and Looking
at
y
View-up vector
y
Loot at
(atx, aty, atz)
(upx, upy, upz)
x
x
z
Model
z
Eyepoint
(eyex, eyey, eyez)
96
Define Coordinate
System
+Y
In the default
position, the
camera is at the
origin, looking
down the
negative z-axis
+X
+Z
97
If we use OpenGL
• Look-At Function
gluLookAt (eyex, eyey, eyez, atx, aty, atz, upx, upy, upz )
Define a viewing matrix and multiplies it to the
right of the current matrix.
98
Matrix Stacks
• OpenGL uses matrix stacks
mechanism to manage transformation
hierarchy.
• OpenGL provides matrix stacks for
each type of supported matrix to
store matrices.
– Model-view matrix stack
– Projection matrix stack
– Texture matrix stack
99
Matrix Stacks
•
•
•
Current matrix is
always the topmost
matrix of the stack
We manipulate the
current matrix is that
we actually
manipulate the
topmost matrix.
We can control the
current matrix by
using push and pop
operations.
Pushing
Popping
Top
Bottom
100
Manipulating Matrix
Stacks (1)
• Remember where you are
glPushMatrix ( void )
Pushes all matrices in the current stack down one
level. The topmost matrix is copied, so its contents
are duplicated in both the top and second-from-the
top matrix.
Note: current stack is determined by glMatrixModel()
101
Manipulating Matrix
Stacks (2)
• Go back to where you were
glPopMatrix ( void )
Pops the top matrix off the stack, destroying the
contents of the popped matrix. What was the
second-from-the top matrix becomes the top
matrix.
Note: current stack is determined by glMatrixModel()
102
Manipulating Matrix
Stacks (3)
• The depth of matrix stacks are implementationdependent.
• The Modelview matrix stack is guaranteed to be at
least 32 matrices deep.
• The Projection matrix stack is guaranteed to be at
least 2 matrices deep.
glGetIntegerv ( Glenum pname, Glint *parms )
Pname:
GL_MAX_MODELVIEW_STACT_DEPTH
GL_MAX_PROJECTION_STACT_DEPTH
103
Projection
Transformation
• Projection & Viewing Volume
• Projection Transformation
• Viewpoint Transformation
104
OpenGL and Windows
Screen
Windows Screen Mapping
(0, 0)
(50, 50)
X
Positive
OpenGL Screen Mapping
Y
Positive
(50, 50)
Y Positive
(0, 0)
Positive
X
Remember: the Y coordinates of OpenGL screen is the opposite
of Windows screen. But same as in the XWindows system.
105
Perspective Projection
Volume
y
aspect ratio = w/h
w
z
h
fovy
x
Near-plane: zNear
Far-plane: zNear
Viewing volume
106
Perspective Projection
Commands
glFrustum( left, right, bottom, top, zNear,
zFar )
Creates a matrix for a perspective
viewing frustum and multiplies the
current matrix by it.
107
Perspective Projection
Commands
gluPerspective( fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar )
Creates a matrix for an perspective
viewing frustum and multiplies the
current matrix by it.
Note: fovy is the field of view (fov) between the top and bottom
planes of the clipping volume. aspect is the aspect ratio
108
Remember to Initialize
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE|GLUT_RBG|GLUT_DEPTH);
You can also clear the depth buffer (as we did for color buffer)
glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
Clear z (depth) buffer
109
Viewing a 3D world
View up
Aspect Ratio =
ViewRight
ViewUp
View right
110
Viewport
• Viewport
– The region within the window that will
be used for drawing the clipping area
– By default, it is set to the entire
rectangle of the window that is opened
– Measured in the window coordinates,
which reflect the position of pixels on
the screen related to the lower-left
corner of the window
111
Viewport Transformation
h
h
w
w
A viewpoint is
defined as half the
size of the window
A viewpoint is
defined as the same
size as the window
112
Aspect Ratio
• The Aspect Ratio of a rectangle is
the ratio of the rectangle’s width to
its height:
e.g. Aspect Ratio = width/height
• Viewport aspect ratio should be
same as projection transformation,
or resulting image may be distorted.
113
Viewport Commands
• glViewport( x, y, width, height )
Defines a pixel rectangle in the window
into which the final image is mapped
(x, y) specifies the lower-left corner of
the viewport
(width, height) specifies the size of the
viewport rectangle
114