Transcript Urbanization and segregation

Urbanization and
segregation
American urban population
300,000,000
100
90
250,000,000
80
70
200,000,000
Population
60
150,000,000
50
40
100,000,000
30
20
50,000,000
10
-
0
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Year
Population
Proportion Urban
250,000,000
100
Black and white population and proportion urban
90
200,000,000
80
Total population size
70
150,000,000
60
50
100,000,000
40
30
50,000,000
20
10
0
0
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
Year
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
White population
Black population
White proportion urban
Black proportion urban
Where Americans lived, 1850-1920
Size of place
1850
1880
1900
1920
Total
Under 1,000, or unincorporated place
73.61
65.8
56.16
43.9
54.3
1,000 - 2,499
6.52
5.29
4.63
4.91
5.03
2,500 - 3,999
3.1
2.91
2.47
2.91
2.8
4,000 - 4,999
1.06
1.17
1.4
1.45
1.35
5,000 - 9,999
2.86
3.41
3.95
4.79
4.11
10,000 - 24,999
2.89
4.49
5.58
6.49
5.53
25,000 - 49,999
3
2.9
3.93
4.8
4.02
50,000 - 74,999
0.47
1.19
1.79
3.01
2.08
75,000 - 99,999
0.87
0.63
1.6
2
1.52
100,000 - 199,999
3.14
2.58
3.28
4.41
3.61
200,000 - 299,999
0
1.43
2.61
2.76
2.23
300,000 - 399,999
0
2.1
2.13
1.63
1.74
400,000 - 499,999
0
0
0
1.59
0.67
500,000 - 599,999
2.47
2.14
2.17
2.05
2.14
600,000 - 749,999
0
0
0
1.34
0.56
750,000 - 999,999
0
1.64
0
2.37
1.33
1,000,000 - 1,999,999
0
2.34
4.13
1.72
2.43
2,000,000
0
0
4.15
7.85
4.55
Census Population
Rank
Area Name
April 1, 2000
April 1, 1990
Change
Number
%
1
New York--Northern New Jersey--Long Island, NY--NJ--CT--PA CMSA
21,199,865
19,549,649
1,650,216
8.4%
2
Los Angeles--Riverside--Orange County, CA CMSA
16,373,645
14,531,529
1,842,116
12.7%
3
Chicago--Gary--Kenosha, IL--IN--WI CMSA
9,157,540
8,239,820
917,720
11.1%
4
Washington--Baltimore, DC--MD--VA--WV CMSA
7,608,070
6,727,050
881,020
13.1%
5
San Francisco--Oakland--San Jose, CA CMSA
7,039,362
6,253,311
786,051
12.6%
6
Philadelphia--Wilmington--Atlantic City, PA--NJ--DE--MD CMSA
6,188,463
5,892,937
295,526
5.0%
7
Boston--Worcester--Lawrence, MA--NH--ME--CT CMSA
5,819,100
5,455,403
363,697
6.7%
8
Detroit--Ann Arbor--Flint, MI CMSA
5,456,428
5,187,171
269,257
5.2%
9
Dallas--Fort Worth, TX CMSA
5,221,801
4,037,282
1,184,519
29.3%
10
Houston--Galveston--Brazoria, TX CMSA
4,669,571
3,731,131
938,440
25.2%
11
Atlanta, GA MSA
4,112,198
2,959,950
1,152,248
38.9%
12
Miami--Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA
3,876,380
3,192,582
683,798
21.4%
13
Seattle--Tacoma--Bremerton, WA CMSA
3,554,760
2,970,328
584,432
19.7%
14
Phoenix--Mesa, AZ MSA
3,251,876
2,238,480
1,013,396
45.3%
15
Minneapolis--St. Paul, MN--WI MSA
2,968,806
2,538,834
429,972
16.9%
16
Cleveland--Akron, OH CMSA
2,945,831
2,859,644
86,187
3.0%
17
San Diego, CA MSA
2,813,833
2,498,016
315,817
12.6%
18
St. Louis, MO--IL MSA
2,603,607
2,492,525
111,082
4.5%
19
Denver--Boulder--Greeley, CO CMSA
2,581,506
1,980,140
601,366
30.4%
20
San Juan--Caguas--Arecibo, PR CMSA
2,450,292
2,270,808
179,484
7.9%
Southern-born blacks living outside South
100
4,500,000
West
90
4,000,000
80
Percent in each region
70
Midwest
3,000,000
60
2,500,000
50
2,000,000
40
1,500,000
30
Northeast
1,000,000
20
500,000
10
0
1870
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
Year
1960
1970
1980
1990
0
2000
Population outside South
3,500,000
Foreign immigration and
Southern born black migration
Decade
Net
Immigration
Immigration
Index
Black Migration
from South
Black Migration
Index
1870 - 1880
1,876,000
36.2
68,000
35.1
1880 - 1890
3,757,000
72.4
88,000
45.4
1890 - 1900
2,888,000
55.7
185,000
95.4
1900 - 1910
5,188,000
100.0
194,000
100.0
1910 - 1920
2,888,000
55.7
555,000
286.1
1920 - 1930
2,443,000
47.1
903,000
465.5
1930 - 1940
-122,000
-2.4
480,000
247.4
1940 - 1950
974,000
18.8
1,581,000
814.9
Segregation in U.S. cities
1. 1890-1940 : Birth of the ghetto
2. 1940-1970 : Consolidation and
expansion of the ghetto
3. 1970 – 1990 : Decline in
segregation nationwide
Reasons for segregation
• Around 1950: Segregation enforced by
whites limiting blacks access to white
neighborhoods
• In 1990: Whites pay more for the same
type of housing in neighborhoods without
blacks.
Index of dissimilarity
blacks_ in _'hood non blacks_ in _'hood
1 / 2 |

|
black _ total
non black _ total
i 1
N
• N is the total number of neighborhoods
• Value of index ranges from 0-1
• Measures the share of either the black or white
population would need to change areas for the races to
be evenly distributed in a city
• < 0.3 is considered low
• 0.3 – 0.6 is moderate
• > 0.6 is considered high
Segregation in American cities, 1890-1990
0.8
0.7
Segregation Index
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
Year
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Dissimilarity
Isolation
Black population distribution
100
West
90
80
Proportion in region
70
60
50
South
40
30
Midwest
20
10
0
1870
Northeast
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
Year
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
White population distribution
100
90
80
Proportion in region
70
60
West
South
50
Midwest
Northeast
40
30
20
10
0
1850
1860
1870
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
Year
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
A foot in the door …
1940
City
Number of census tracts in all cities
6,113
1960
City
13,310
1990
Suburbs
9,378
City
16,664
Suburbs
27,183
Percentage of tracts with black share
Exactly zero
21.2
19.6
22.3
7.3
14.7
0-1
39.1
36.2
48.0
10.2
25.0
1-5
15.6
12.4
13.3
23.7
30.0
5-15
8.3
8.8
8.2
18.8
15.3
15-25
3.6
4.2
2.9
7.4
5.3
25-50
4.2
5.4
2.9
9.4
4.9
50-75
3.2
4.6
1.3
7.0
2.4
75-90
1.9
3.4
0.6
5.0
1.1
90-98
1.8
3.1
0.3
6.5
0.9
98-100
1.0
2.3
0.2
4.8
0.4
Attitudinal changes
“White people should
have a right to keep
blacks out of their
neighborhoods if
they want to, and
blacks should
respect that right.”
Year
Whites agreeing
1963
60%
1980
34%
1996
13%
Recent changes in segregation
Blacks From
Whites
Hispanics From
Whites
1980
73.9
51.0
41.8
1990
68.9
50.7
41.9
2000
65.2
51.6
42.2
1980 to 1990
-5.8
0.7
1.9
1990 to 2000
-4.6
4.9
2.1
Index of segregation higher in 2000
15
124
69
Index of segregation lower in 2000
240
86
47
Measure
Asians From
Whites
Index of Dissimarility
Average Percentage change in
decade
Number of Metropolises, by direction
of change: 1980-2000