Transcript Document

Technology, Management & Policy Graduate Consortium
Annual Meeting
June 26-28
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA
Material Flow Accounting Tools and
its contribution for
policy making
Samuel Niza
IN+, IST
* Phd fellow of the Science and Technology Foundation, Portugal
Summary
 MFA, physical accounting and Integrated
Environmental and Economic Accounting
 MFA use for policy making
 MFA and policy making in Portugal
 Conclusions
Measuring the material demand of the
economy
LCA – Life Cycle Analysis
MIPS – Material Input per Unit of Service
Company-level MFA (Eco-balance, Eco-audits,
materials accounting)
MFA related methods
SFA – Substance Flow Analysis
EW-MFA - Economy-wide Material Flow Analysis
PIOT – Physical Input-Output Tables
EIO-LCA – Environmental Input-Output-based
Input/Output related methods
Life Cycle Assessment
Ecological Footprint
Environmental Space
Carrying capacity related methods
Sustainable Process Index
NAMEA – National Accounting Matrix including
Environmental Accounts
SEEA – System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting
Integrated methods
Physical and economical
accounting techniques
Levels of
Analysis
One substance
One material
group
One or few
products/
Company
All material groups
Micro-MFA
LCA, MIPS
Meso-MFA
MFA of selected
sectors or activity
fields
Sectors/
Activity fields
PIOT
Region/Nation
All material groups
and monetary
flows
Partial MacroMFA
Partial
Macro-MFA
SFA
e.g. national
MFA of
aggregates
Integrated
economic and
environmental
accounting
EIO-LCA
NAMEA
Macro-MFA
Economy wide MFA
SEEA
Adapted from Daniels and Moore, 2002
Economy Metabolism
Economy-wide MF balances show:
 The composition of the
material throughput
 The dependence on imports
 The physical growth of
infrastructures
 The quantities of materials
released to the environment
…and allows static and dynamic evaluation
Economy Metabolism
Other than MFA economy-wide acounts:
 NAMEA and SEEA require enormous quantities
of data ⇒ long longlol~long long time lags in
data collection and tables preparation
 PIOT and EIO-LCA usually have a restricted
coverage of physical inputs and outputs (better
suited for sector or activity fields’ IO description)
 NAMEA, PIOT and EIO-LCA do not account
physical stocks
 Just permit static models of the economy
MFA limitations
 Not directly correlated with economic data
 Does not directly allocates material flows to
sectors
Specific characteristics of MFA for policy
purposes
 Derive material flows indicators
 Information/Awareness raising about
environmental problems
 Monitor the environmental pressure of the
economy
 Measure the economy metabolism
performance
Portugal, Metabolic performance trends
a) material consumption
Imports
60000
180000
50000
160000
140000
30000
20000
120000
100000
0
1980
2000
80000
Biomass
Minerals
Fossil Fuels
60000
40000
20000
Fossil fuels
Metal ores
Industrial minerals
Construction minerals
Biomass from agriculture
DMI, Portugal (1960-2000)
Biomass from forestry
Biomass other
20
02
20
01
20
00
19
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
19
89
19
88
19
87
19
86
19
85
19
84
19
83
19
82
19
81
19
80
19
79
19
78
19
77
19
76
19
75
19
70
0
19
60
1000t
10000
Imports
Source: Canas, MOSUS, EUROSTAT
1000t
40000
Portugal, Metabolic performance trends
b) wastes and emissions
Source: Niza & Ferrão calculations
Portugal, Metabolism snapshot
Portugal physical metabolism, base year: 2000
Source: INE
Source: INE
Source: IGAPHE
Infrastructural growth
Resource productivity
1100,00
800,00
700,00
600,00
500,00
400,00
300,00
200,00
100,00
0,00
Year
EU-15
Portugal
Resource Productivity, EU15 and Portugal (1980-2000)
Source: Niza & Ferrão calculations
900,00
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
GDPper capita /DMIper capita ($/t)
1000,00
Portugal metabolism evidences:
 An increasingly open economy, exposed to
international trade – mainly imports
 A clear stake in infrastructural development –
physical stock growth
 Resource productivity divergence from the EU
average
 reflects the effort on long term economical return
structures
Policy priorities
 Policy Target: Resource productivity
convergence
 Potential for action:
 Resource use efficiency growth
 Recycling rates growth
 Means:
 Promotion of business and administration added value
(by means of immaterial resources)
 Closing of production and consumption cycles
Policy priorities
 Some specific actions:
 Development of waste production models
 Establishment of regulation for construction
and demolition wastes with target values for
recycling
 Approaching the European allotment levels
between new buildings construction and
buildings rehabilitation
 Decrease the strong dependence of energy
material-intensive sources (e.g. coal, oil)
Conclusions
 MFA temporal resolution and disaggregation capability
turns it the method with the greatest potential to
characterize an economy metabolism
 Portugal material consumption had a significant growth
associated to infrastructural development
 Competitiveness and sustainability of Portuguese
economy calls for RP convergence with EU and
 Promotion of business and administration added value by
means of immaterial resources
 Promotion of production and consumption cycles closing
Thank You!
Overview of the Material flow indicators [based on EUROSTAT, 2001]
Indicator
category
Indicator
Accounting rules*
Acronym
Full name
Input
DMI
TMR
HF
Direct Material Input
Total Material Requirement
Hidden flows
DMI=Domestic raw
materials+Imports
TMR =DMI+HF
HF=hidden flows domestic + hidden
flows from imports
Output
DPO
DMO
TDO
TMO
Domestic Processed Output
Domestic Material Output
Total Domestic Output
Total Material Output
DPO=Emissions +Waste
DMO=DPO +Exports
TDO=DPO +hidden flows domestic
TMO=TDO +Exports
Consumption
DMC
TMC
Domestic Material Consumption
Total Material Consumption
DMC=DMI-Exports
TMC=TMR-Exports-hidden flows
exported
Balance
NAS
PTB
Net Addition to Stock
Physical Trade Balance
NAS=DMI-DPO-Exports
PTB=Imports-Exports
*In addition, balancing items have to be included:
On the input side – oxygen for the combustion of fuels and for the respiration of humans and livestock
On the output side – water vapour from the combustion of fuels and water vapour and CO2 from the respiration of humans and livestock
Visual representations of environmental pressure
Vs.
Environmental Pressure
 MF induces environmental impacts at
every stage of production/consumption
chain:
 Extraction/harvest of primary resources
 Covering of nature
 Final disposal of residuals
Source: Muilerman and Blonk, 2001
Overview of environmental impacts associated to the use of
natural resources