Transcript National Non-Food Crops Centre

The National Non-Food Crops Centre
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NNFCC
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Policy Drivers
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Feedstock
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Market
Sectors
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Conclusion
Emerging technologies for renewable
materials in the UK and EU
Dr Adrian Higson
233rd National Meeting & Exposition
American Chemical Society
Chicago
27th January 2007
From crops to cashflow: building sustainable supply chains
Remit
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NNFCC is the single, independent source of information on
the use and implementation of non-food crops, products
and technologies in the UK
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Aiming to:
 NNFCC
• Remit
• Funding
• Staff
•
• Services
materials, processes and by-products used in non-food
 Policy Drivers
applications
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
Develop credible supply chain models for all crop-derived
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 Conclusion
Advise industry, Government and academia on mechanisms to
reduce supply chain constraints in emerging market areas
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Encourage the development of new UK business sectors
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Develop specific communication packages and tailored events
for the media, schools and the general public
Renewable Feedstocks
ENERGY
FUEL
Wheat
 NNFCC
• Remit
Cereal
Straw
Sugar
Beet
OSR
• Funding
Linseed
Potatoes
Crambe
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
Miscanthus
Maize
• Staff
• Services
Short
Rotation
Coppice
Hemp
Barley
STARCH
OIL
Flax
Nettle
 Market Sectors
 Conclusion
Camelina
Echium
FIBRE
Calendula
Poppy
Peppermint
Borage
Chamomile
SPECIALITY
Funding
 Government funding:
 NNFCC
• Remit
• Funding
• Staff
• Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(Defra)
• Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
- Bioscience for Business KTN
• Services
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
 Conclusion
 Membership Organisation
• Industrial sponsors
• Company subscriptions
• Individual subscription
 Project management / consultancy
 Events
Staff & Services
The Team
 Policy Drivers
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 Feedstock
Services
 Market Sectors
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 NNFCC
• Remit
• Funding
• Staff
• Services
 Conclusion
Technology Translation Managers
Policy & Government Liaison Manager
Events Team
Communications & Information Team
Regional Officer
Office Support Staff
Database of information (www.nnfcc.co.uk)
Technology Translation / Transfer, Project management
Private studies / Consultancy
Conferences, Exhibitions and Seminars
Education / Raising awareness
Policy Drivers
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NNFCC
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Policy Drivers
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Feedstock
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Market Sectors
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Conclusion
UK Policy Drivers
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Kyoto Protocol
• Reducing GHG emissions 12.5% below 1990 levels in period
2008 - 2012
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NNFCC
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Policy Drivers
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Feedstock
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Market Sectors
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Conclusion
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Renewables Obligation (RO)
• Requires licensed electricity suppliers to source supply from
renewable sources. The current target is 6.7% for 2006/07
rising to 15.4% by 2015/16.
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Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation (RTFO)
• Fuel suppliers will be obliged to ensure that 5% of all fuel sold
on UK forecourts to come from a renewable source by 2010.
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Waste Regulations
• Landfill Directive
• Packaging Directive
• Waste Incineration Directive
UK Resources
Total UK Agricultural Land = 18.5 million ha
Arable = 6Mha
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NNFCC
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Policy Drivers
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Feedstock
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Market Sectors
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Conclusion
Set-aside = 0.6Mha
NFC = 0.25Mha
Land available for NFC production = 1.5 – 2Mha
Woodland =2.8Mha (10 MT timber)
Agricultural waste = 80 MT
Food industry by-products = 30MT
Municipal Waste streams = 25MT
- Garden waste = 5MT
- Paper and board = 4.5MT
- Compostable kitchen waste = 4.5MT
Timber & wood waste = 2.8MT
UK Resources
A) Non-Food Crop areas grown on set-aside land in the UK
Crop
2002
2003
2004
2005
Oilseed Rape
61,534
61,908
35,300
57,464
High erucic acid rape
13,588
20,234
10,652
11,627
Linseed
731
1,916
1,003
3,285
Other Non-Food Crops*
2,942
6,461
3,832
3,550
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NNFCC
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Policy Drivers
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Feedstock
*Primarily
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Market Sectors
Crambe
1,171
3,596
950
105
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Conclusion
Wheat
0
0
296
2,234
Barley
135
1,136
456
1,112
Poppy
466
1,509
1,978
1,650 (1)
Chamomile
175
167
137
68
1) Estimated area grown outside set-aside land
B) Area of non-food crop production identified through various support
schemes on non-set aside land in the UK
Crop
Linseed
Area (ha)
2002
2003
2004
2005 (Prov)
13,000
34,000
31,000
49,000
N/D
32,972
99,351
Energy Aid Payment Scheme (UK)
Oilseed Rape
N/D
Key Market Sectors
 Lubricants
• Total loss systems, hydraulics, engine oils
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
 Polymers and bulk chems
• Renewable polymers, biodegradables, solvents
 Medicines
• Cosmeceuticals, Neutraceuticals, OTC’s, Rx medicines
 Construction
• New materials, Insulation
 Energy
• Biodiesel, bioethanol
Biolubricant Markets
Biodegradable Lubricants
 Number of products already in marketplace
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Potential for increased commercialisation in number of
end uses
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
Main Drivers
 Environmental legislation
 Lubricity
 Biodegradability
 Low toxicity
 Ready and Sustainable supply
Common Crop Sources: Rapeseed, Sunflower, Soya, Palm.
Biolubricant Markets
Chain bar lubricants
• Total of 30 M litres of oil used in EU
• EA and Forestry Commission contractual
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
requirement
• Represents around 40% of UK market – e.g., 220,000L
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
Metalworking oils – engine manufacture
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Performance
• Construction
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Cost competitiveness
• Energy
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HSE benefits
• Medicines
www.specialchem4polymers.com
 Conclusion
Commercial Successes:
* Ford/Houghton
* Mercedes-Benz/Fuchs
Lubricant Demonstration Project
The construction of a resource centre at “The Eden
project” UK, sited in Europe’s largest china clay pit.
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
Demonstration Project
“…china clay is known within the quarrying
industries to be one of the most invasive
penetrative and destructive of all minerals…”
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
Roger Powell, Director, Highway Plant Ltd
Renewable Polymers
Biologically produced polymers with unique properties:
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
 Sustainable materials
 Reduced processing
 Burn cleanly
 New functionalities
 Biodegradable, compostable
Natural Biopolymers: Starch Based
www.specialchem4polymers.com
Synthetic Biodegradable polymers: polylactic acid, polycaprolactone
Growth rates – 30% year up to 2010
Polymer Market
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
UK Market ~ 5.0MT
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
www.specialchem4polymers.com
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W. Europe plastic waste (2000) = 19.5MT
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Critical to divert waste from landfill
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Waste Recovery (mechanical recycling, feedstock, energy) = 7MT
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UK very low recovery rates
UK Market Position
BIGGEST VOLUME USE IS PACKAGING
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SAINSBURY – 500 own branded products in compostable
packs
- Using Natureflex/MaterBi polymers
- Replacing 3550 tonnes conventional plastic
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IKEA – Replace all carrier bags
Use starch hybrid bags
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TESCO – Fresh produce containers
Using Natureworks PLA
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BELU – Spring water bottle
Natureworks PLA
Stocked by WAITROSE
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
UK Issues
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The concept of a ‘Compostable plastic’ is not well understood by
the general public
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Practical and environmental benefits can only be realised if the
material is composted or incinerated with energy recovery, not
land-filled.
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Composting takes advantage of biodegradability and is favoured
by the waste hierarchy but requires processes for effective
waste stream separation.
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EN 13432 defines criteria for biodegradability and compostability
and is recommended in Directive 94/62/EC
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Companies have launched logos which conform to EN 13432
and are applied to the packaging material.
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Focussed on segregation of the biopolymer from the non-bio
waste stream followed by composting.
Medicines
 Markets
• Single compound pharmaceuticals, e.g., taxol, etoposide
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
• Whole plant extracts, e.g., cannabinoids for MS
• Therapeutic proteins, e.g., antibodies against HIV
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
• Growing market in neutraceuticals e.g., Omega fatty
acids and fish oil replacements
• World class science base
• UK agriculture is world leader in traceability – critical for
crop used in pharmaceutical applications
High-Value Applications
Modern drugs from plants; opiates (analgesia),
cannabanoids (MS), and anti-malerials
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
Morphine, Pethidine
Methadone
Tetrahydrocannabinol
THC
Artemisinin
Cannabidiol CBD
Grown & Processed in the UK
High-Value Applications
Medicinal - Galanthamine (Reminyl)
• Extracted from daffodil bulbs
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
• Used to manufacture Reminyl, an Alzheimer’s drug
• UK Bulb producers do supply into this market (~25,000
t/annum)
• Galanthamine can be extracted in the UK
Cosmeceutical - Bog Myrtle (Sweet Gale)
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Developed by Highland Natural Products/Boots
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5000ha trial plantation being established
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Expect £700/ha by Year 4
Construction Materials
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 NNFCC
Almost 50% of UK CO2
emissions come from the
construction or use of
buildings
Other
1%
Industrial
Processes
20%
Buildings
47%
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
Hemp in Construction
Transport
32%
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
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Hemp stems produce fibre (outer layers; 30%) and “shiv” (central
core; about 60%)
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Mixing hemp shiv with special lime mixes (binder) at 1:2 by weight
produces “hemcrete”; a light-weight, breathable walling material
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Brick & AAC block
Rendered block & block
300mm Hemcrete wall
500mm Hemcrete wall
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
97 – 216 kg/m2
102 kg/m2
- 31 kg/m2
- 53 kg/m2
Construction Materials
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
Construction Materials
Natural Fibre Insulation Materials
• Growing sector in European market
 NNFCC
• From hemp / flax fibre or wool
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
• Demonstrate many advantageous properties over glass and
rockwool e.g. handling and disposal
Construction Materials
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
Construction Materials
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
Renewable Fuels
 Current Status
• 1st generation technologies are now becoming
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
established
• Enormous potential for UK production of biofuels
• Land availability & food supply constraints
• 2010 RTFO committment of 5% replacement will require
around 2 million tonnes of biofuel – if met by the UK
would need around 1.3 -1.5MHa of wheat and OSR
• LCVP sustainability criteria due 2008
Bio-ethanol
 NNFCC
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Market established
through imports
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Large volume of planned
capacity
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British Sugar plant
production 2007, 60,000
tonnes from sugar beet
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Ensus putting steel in
ground Q2 2007, 320,000
tonnes capacity,
production 2009
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Preferred feedstock wheat
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
Bio-Diesel
 Established production
capacity
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 E.g. Biofuels corporation,
capacity 250,000 tonnes
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
 Mixed vegetable oil feedstock
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•
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Oilseed rape
Palm oil
Soya bean oil
Sunflower
 Used cooking oil
 Tallow
2nd Generation Biofuels
• Choren JV with Shell
• Biomass to synthesis gas to diesel
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
2nd Generation Biofuels
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
1st Gen Biodiesel
Concawe/Eucar/JRC Well to Wheel Study
2nd Gen Diesel
2nd Generation Biofuels
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
Energy Maize
30 dt/ha
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
15 -18 dt/ha
• Energy
 Conclusion
Source: KWS
Biorefineries
 NNFCC
 Policy Drivers
 Feedstock
 Market Sectors
• Lubricants
• Polymers
• Medicines
• Construction
• Energy
 Conclusion
Figure from Ragauskas et al, (2006)
The Path Forward for Biofuels and Biomaterials. Science 311: 484-489
Conclusion; Room to Grow!
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Bio-Energy and Bio-Fuels are big business. The UK is behind
the US, Germany, others, but activity is increasing

NNFCC
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Policy Drivers
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Feedstock
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Market Sectors
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Conclusion
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For 1st generation fuels, on-farm and/or cooperative ventures
are possible (and probably best suited to scattered
communities)
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2nd Generation Fuels are emerging. These need to be
developed at large scale for full benefits to be realised
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Carbon savings can be made in other sectors, eg construction,
chemicals, materials.
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Huge potential for both UK agriculture & industry
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Still not making use of the land we have available to us!
Further Information

NNFCC

Policy Drivers

Feedstock

Market Sectors

Conclusion
www.nnfcc.co.uk
Thank You

NNFCC
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Policy Drivers
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Feedstock
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Market Sectors
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Conclusion
www.nnfcc.co.uk
Building sustainable supply chains