Transcript The situation of women scientist in academia in Poland

Magdalena Zajac-Fras
Cracow University of Economics

Gender structure of students

Gender structure at the universities and glass
ceiling

Grants and publications among scientist

Family status and university career of academics

Expenditure on science and other problems

Conclusions

Persons with higher education:
◦ Decade of eighties: 6,5%
◦ 2004: 10,2%
◦ 2010: 20%

Women are better educated than men

In the period 1990-2005:
◦ the number of female students increased 5 times
◦ the number of male students increased 4 times
Ph.D.
Habilitated
Doctor
Professor
Per cent of
women
Per cent of
women
Per cent of
women
1970
27,40
20,70
9,40
1980
31,80
21,20
21,50
1990
30,90
21,40
22,90
2000
41,63
29,05
26,61
2003
46,94
32,12
26,81
Science and technology in 2003, Warsaw, Central Statistical Office
2004.

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GCI = P / Pa
P = proportion of women in grade A+B+C
Pa = proportion of women in grade A
Grade A – Full professor
Grade B – Habilitated doctor
Grade C – Doctor

If GCI=1 there is no difference between women
and men regarding promotion

The higher the value the thicker the glass ceiling
SheFigures 2006, Eurostat, p. 52, 101; Re-claiming a political
voice: women and science in Central Europe, Prague 2008, p. 141.
SheFigures 2006, Eurostat, p. 59.
Belgium
Bulgaria
Poland
Portugal
Germany
Spain
France
Greece
Sweden
EU
Denmark
Great Britain
Slovakia
Czech Republic
Lithuania
Malta
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Position
Women (%)
Director
5,8
Dean
45,8
Manager
19,5
Vice-rector
14,4
Rector / Prorector
8,6
Re-claiming a political voice: women and science in Central Europe,
Prague 2008, p. 142.
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
Lower expenditures on science, lower number
of men in academia
Women as „winners among losers”
External brain drain
Internal brain drain
Source: R. Siemienska, The puzzle of gender research productivity
in Polish Universities, in: Gendered Career Trajectories in Academia
in Cross-National Perspective, ed. R. Siemienska, A. Zimmer,
SCHOLAR, Warszaw 2008, p. 241-265.



Grants: professors > young researchers
Polish grants: men>women
Foreign grants: women=men

Abroad publications: men>women
Polish publications: women>men

Biggest publication productivity:

◦ Women - age 51-65
◦ Men – age 30 - 63
Source: R. Siemienska, The puzzle of gender research productivity
in Polish Universities, in: Gendered Career Trajectories in Academia
in Cross-National Perspective, ed. R. Siemienska, A. Zimmer,
SCHOLAR, Warszaw 2008, p. 252-257.
Status
Women
Men
7,7
6,8
Ph. D. - habilitation
11,1
9,7
Habilitation professorship
11,2
10,3
M.A. – Ph. D.
Source: A. Majcher, Seeking the guilty – Academics between career and
family in Poland and Germany, in: Gendered Career Trajectories in
Academia in Cross-National Perspective, ed. R. Siemienska, A. Zimmer,
SCHOLAR, Warszaw 2008, p.307.
Variables
Women (%)
Men (%)
Married
64,7
93,3
Single/never married
13,1
1,9
Parent
74,9
92,3
Mean number of
children
1,2
1,7
Mean age of having
the first/only child
34,3
31,3
Mean age of having
the youngest child
31,5
27,1
Source: A. Majcher, Seeking the guilty – Academics between career and
family in Poland and Germany, in: Gendered Career Trajectories in
Academia in Cross-National Perspective, ed. R. Siemienska, A. Zimmer,
SCHOLAR, Warszaw 2008, p.312.
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
never and rarely
neither nor
often and very
often
Polish female
Polish male
professors
professors
Source: A. Majcher, Seeking the guilty – Academics between career and
family in Poland and Germany, in: Gendered Career Trajectories in
Academia in Cross-National Perspective, ed. R. Siemienska, A. Zimmer,
SCHOLAR, Warszaw 2008, p.317.
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To adjust career schemes, to take into account
different life trajectories of women and their
additional responsibilities in the family
To behave as if women did not bear children,
assign care responsibilities to the public
institutions
To support a new division of labour within
families, adjust career schemes to different life
trajectories
Source: A. Majcher, Seeking the guilty – Academics between career
and family in Poland and Germany, in: Gendered Career Trajectories
in Academia in Cross-National Perspective, ed. R. Siemienska, A.
Zimmer, SCHOLAR, Warszaw 2008, p.324.
Country
1992
1995
1997
2000
2001
Czech
Rep.
1,72
1,01
1,16
1,33
1,3
Hungary
1,05
0,73
0,72
0,8
0,95
POLAND
0,83
0,69
0,71
0,67
0,68
Slovakia
1,8
0,93
1,09
0,65
0,64
Waste of talents: turning private struggles into a public issue, Women
and Science in the Enwise countries,Science and Society, Brussels, p. 60.
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Glass ceiling

External and internal brain drain

Low expenditure on higher education, low
salaries

Double burden – at home and in the workplace
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Lack of childcare institutions

Different mandatory retirement ages