Transcript The History of Journalism - Greensburg

The History of Journalism
It Didn’t Happen Overnight
• Newspapers have not
always been the
sophisticated, full-color
extravaganzas we
know today.
• American journalism
had its humble
beginnings in the
__________ __________.
Publick Occurrences
_________ ___________
Publick Occurrences
Both Forreign and
Domestick was shut
down after its one
and only issue on
Sept. 26, _______.
Publick Occurrences (cont.)
This newspaper was
printed on three sheets
of stationery-size paper
and the fourth page
was left blank so that
readers could ___ _____
____ _____ before
passing it on to
someone else.
Publick Occurrences (cont.)
Unfortunately, the
essays which this paper
contained did not
please the authorities,
and Harris had not
bought the required
license, so the paper
was shut down after
just ___ ________.
Publick Occurrences (cont.)
From this point
forward, in order for
a newspaper to be
printed, it had to
carry permission -- in
the form of the
words:
___ ______________
The Boston Newsletter
The first continuously
published American
newspaper did not
come along for 14
more years. The
Boston News-Letter
premiered on April
24, ______.
Boston Newsletter (cont.)
The publisher was
_____ ____________.
The paper originally
appeared on a
single page,
printed on both
sides and issued
__________.
Boston Newsletter (cont.)
In the early years of its
publication the NewsLetter was filled mostly
with news from
_________ journals
detailing the intrigues
of English politics, and
a variety of events
concerning the
European wars.
Boston Newsletter (cont.)
The rest of the
newspaper was
filled with items
listing ship arrivals,
deaths, sermons,
political
appointments, fires,
accidents and the
like.
Problems Arise
Perhaps the most
famous name in
early American
journalism is that
of ______ ________
_________,
publisher of the
New York Weekly
Journal.
Zenger (cont.)
Zenger was
accused and tried
for _______ against
the colonial British
government in
_______. In this
picture, Zenger is
arrested and his
printing press is
burned by Colonial
authorities.
Zenger (cont.)
An important fact:
Zenger did not
_____ any of the
articles found in his
paper -- he was the
_____________, and
thus the person
responsible for its
contents.
Zenger (cont.)
__________
_____________
took Zenger’s
case -- he was
considered to
be the best
lawyer in the
colonies.
Zenger (cont.)
Hamilton won the Zenger case
the only way that it could have
been won, by convincing the
jury to _______ ____ ____ __ ___
______, not just the facts.
Zenger (cont.)
Legally, there is no question that Zenger
committed seditious libel as it was
defined in the law of the time but the law
itself was ___________. Hamilton gave the
jury the push it needed to decide
Zenger's case in a way consistent with
their own _____________.
Zenger (cont.)
Zenger was found innocent -- this one
verdict paved the way for a _______ _____
_____________ press in America. For the
first time it was considered proper for the
press to __________ and _____________ the
government.
Evolution of the Press
Things continued for many years without
major improvements -- until ____________
_______ created The New York Sun in
_______.
This began the ________ _________.
The Penny Press (cont.)
• Newspapers of the day cost about
__ _______ each . . . too expensive
for the masses.
• Day took advantage of the fact
that he could print thousands of
papers inexpensively and sold the
papers for a penny each.
The Penny Press (cont.)
He also changed the content of
newspapers to make it more
_____________ and more popular to the
lower class.
He hired boys to hawk the newspapers on
street corners.
The Penny Press (cont.)
• Because of the success of Day’s
idea, many other publishers were
quick to follow.
• These publishers became very rich,
and were often referred to as the
______ ___ ______ _________.
The Penny Press (cont.)
It was the Penny Press that also began
using _____________ as a way to bring
readers information, but advertising also
helped by paying for the printing and
distribution of newspapers.
The Civil War
An invention that
helped speed news
along was the
___________. Reporters
were able to send
encoded news back
to their papers as it
was happening.
The telegraph (cont.)
Because the
telegraph wires kept
going down on a
regular basis,
sometimes the story
that a reporter was
trying to send got cut
off before it was
finished.
The telegraph (cont.)
Because of this,
reporters
developed the
“___________
____________” form
of writing, putting
the most important
facts at the
_____________ of
the story.
The telegraph (cont.)
This way, the most
important part of the
story would most likely
reach the newspaper,
and if anything got cut
off, it would be the
lesser important details
of what happened.
Photography
Photography (cont.)
Photography became a
popular addition to
newspapers.
__________ ________ set up a
camera on the battlefields
and photographed the
soldiers at war.
Serious Competition
As newspapers began to
compete more and more
with one another to increase
circulation and obtain more
advertising revenue, a
different type of journalism
was developed.
Yellow Journalism
_________ _________
(The New York
World), and ________
___________ ________
(The San Francisco
Examiner), began
what became
known as
___________
______________.
Yellow Journalism (cont.)
Joseph
Pulitzer
William
Randolph
Hearst
Newspapers began to use
____________ and ____________ news
coverage, as well as the use of
_________ and the inclusion of more
features such as ________ _______.
Yellow Journalism (cont.)
After Pulitzer began
publishing color comic
sections that included
a strip entitled ”_____
________ _____" (right)
in early ______, this
type of paper was
labeled "yellow
journalism."
Yellow Journalism (cont.)
Drawn by ____
__________, the
popular (if nowunfunny) strip
became a prize in
the struggle
between Pulitzer
and Hearst in the
New York
newspaper wars.
Involvement of Women
One of the most
popular reporters of
the Yellow
Journalism era was
a woman named
_________ _________
who wrote under
the name “_______
____.”
Nellie Bly (cont.)
She wrote with _______
and ____________. She
wrote to expose the many
wrongs that developed in
nineteenth century cities
after the ___________ _____.
Most of her reporting was
on women.
Nellie Bly (cont.)
She directed her
articles to ______
_______ _______
to open their
eyes and hearts
to their
impoverished,
hungry, hopeless
sisters.
Nellie Bly (cont.)
She felt very
strongly that
women and
their issues
were not
represented in
newspapers or
anywhere
else.
Nellie Bly (cont.)
In _____ she moved to
Joseph Pulitzer's New York
World, for which she
exposed the conditions in
which the _______ lived by
pretending to be mad and
getting herself committed
to the asylum on Blackwell's
Island.
Nellie Bly (cont.)
She also
investigated sweatshops tenements,
the world of petty
crime and Corps de
Ballet by the same
methods.
Nellie Bly (cont.)
The high point in
her life, however,
was the _______
___ _______ _____,
which she made
in 72 days, 6
hours,11 minutes
and 14 seconds.
Nellie Bly (cont.)
Joseph Pulitzer sent
a special train to
meet her return to
San Francisco, and
she was greeted by
fireworks, gun
salutes, brass bands
and parade on
Broadway.
Competition (again…)
After William Randolph Hearst moved to
New York, he and Joseph Pulitzer
competed for readers by making their
papers more and more sensational. (Hearst
had moved from San Franciso.)
Competition (cont.)
In ______, Hearst
purchased The New
York Morning Journal
and entered into a
head-to-head
circulation war with
his former mentor,
Joseph Pulitzer,
owner of The New
York World.
Competition ( cont.)
To increase circulation
both started to include
articles about the
________
____________. Many
stories in both
newspapers greatly
exaggerated their
claims to make the
stories more
_______________.
Competition (cont.)
Both Hearst and Pulitzer
published images of __________
troops placing Cubans into
concentration camps where
they suffered and died from
disease and hunger.
Competition (cont.)
The American public purchased
more newspapers because of
the sensational writing, and this
strongly encouraged Hearst’s
and Pulitzer’s newspapers to
write more sensationalized
stories.
U.S.S. Maine
On February 15, ____, the ___ _______
exploded and sank in Havana Harbor.
What caused the sinking has been a
subject of debate ever since. What is
known is that over ____ Americans died in
the explosion. 260 American naval personnel were killed or wounded.
U.S.S. Maine (cont.)
• Hearst and Pulitzer jumped all over
this -- claiming that ______ was
responsible.
• It was this event that forced the
United States’ involvement in the
________ _________ _____.
The Golden Age
• This time period could be
considered the Golden Age of the
American Press.
• At no other time were there as many
newspapers being published or
read.
• The competition was fierce, but
ultimately ___________ the American
Newspapers.
The Golden Age (cont.)
• In addition, the emergence of the
______ and __________ presented other
forms of communication -- people took
advantage of these mediums to get
their news.
The Modern American Press
In _____, using satellite
transmission and color
presses, the _________
chain established a new
national newspaper,
____ _______, published
and circulated
throughout the United
States, Europe, and
Asia.
Modern Press (cont.)
The Wall Street Journal,
the New York Times, and
USA Today are read all
over the country; small
towns and rural districts
usually have daily or
weekly local papers
made up largely of
___________ matter, with a
page or two of local
news and editorials.
Wire Services
Since the invention of the telegraph,
which enormously facilitated the rapid
gathering of news, the great news
agencies, such as ______ in England,
and __________ _________ and United
Press International in the United States,
have sold their services to newspapers
and to their associate members.
Continued Improvements
• Improvements in ______________ and in _______
(especially the web offset press), have enhanced
the quality of print and made possible the
publication of huge editions at great speed.
• Modern newspapers are supported primarily by
the sale of ___________ space. Computer
technology has also had an enormous impact on
the production of news and newspapers.
Continued Improvements (cont.)
• By the 1990s this technology had also affected
the nature of newspapers, as the first
independent ___-_______ daily appeared on the
Internet.
• By the decade's end some ____ papers had web
sites, some of which carried news gathered by
their own staffs, and papers regularly ________
themselves by publishing electronically before the
print edition appeared.
Where does the Press go from
here?
• Radio,
television,
websites, blogs - all mediums
which seem to
predict the end
of the American
Newspaper -• Will this be the
case?