Transcript Unit 5
Unit 5 Second Industrial Revolution The Progressive Era Unit 5 Essential Questions 1. What was the impact of the Transcontinental Railroad on the U.S.? 2. What civil rights issues existed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? 3. What led to people moving to large cities (urbanization) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? Unit 5 vocab. • • • • • • Bessemer Process Wildcatters Laissez-faire Monopoly Progressivism Muckrakers 2nd Industrial Revolution • The United States experienced a ‘Second Industrial Revolution between 1860 and the early 1900s ▫ A period of rapid industrial growth • Many factors contributed to this growth, and their were many effects as well Causes • Development of steel/oil industry • Expansion of railroads • Growing population + immigration • Laissez-Faire capitalism + corporations • Development of electricity Effects Second Industrial Revolution • Advances in transportation • Growth of cities and pollution • Monopolies + Massive profits for tycoons • Poor working conditions • New ‘working class’ of Americans Railroad and Oil production 250 200 150 Railroad miles (in thousands) Barrels of Oil (in millions) 100 50 0 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 Labor 80 70 60 Population 50 40 Immigrants 30 Workers in Manufacturing 20 10 0 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 • Describe the factors that contributed to the Second Industrial Revolution in the United States? New Immigrants • From 1880 to 1910, a new wave of immigration brought 18 million people to America • People came to America for various ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors ▫ Push – immigrants left their homes to escape persecution, poverty, and limited opportunities ▫ Pull – immigrants came to America for religious freedom and economic opportunities New Immigrants Old Immigrants New Immigrants • Arrived before 1880 • Came from Northern and Western Europe • Mainly Protestant Christians • Culturally similar to original American settlers • Settled in cities and rural areas • Arrived 1880-1910 • Came from Southern and Eastern Europe • Mainly Catholics, Jews, or Orthodox • Culturally different from original American settlers • Generally settled in cities New Immigrants Second Industrial Revolution • Corporations▫ Owned by stockholders ▫ Can raise large sums of money to grow and expand quickly ▫ Stockholders share risk and reward • Trusts▫ Competing companies would agree to merge together ▫ The board would run the corporation as one big company and share the profits Second Industrial Revolution • Monopolies▫ When a trust gained complete control over an industry, it held a monopoly. ▫ That meant it had no competition and could raise prices or lower quality much more freely ▫ The government would take action to limit/prevent monopolies The Workforce • Many factory workers were immigrants or rural Americans who came to the cities for work • The best jobs went to native-born whites • African Americans usually worked as laborers or household servants The Workforce • Many industrial workers were children ▫ In 1900, 1 in 6 children from 10-15 years worked outside the home ▫ Children as young as 5 could work The Workforce • 10 hour work days • 6 day work weeks • Extremely low pay, around $500 a year • Dangerous working conditions ▫ Injuries and accidents were common ▫ No fire regulations ▫ No safety standards • No paid vacation or sick days • No compensation for injuries The Workforce • By 1890 just 10% of the population controlled 75% of the nation’s wealth Big Business • Read the statements and determine if they are advantages or disadvantages • On the back: ▫ Pick the 3 advantages you feel were most significant of the growth of industry ▫ Pick 3 disadvantages you feel were most significant, then for each you pick, explain what steps would need to be taken to improve that disadvantage The Workforce • These working conditions, combined with the government’s ‘Laissez Faire’ attitude, would lead to ‘labor unions’ ▫ By 1886 there were nearly 1 million union members ▫ Workers often went on strike to gain improvements ▫ Some strikes were put down by the government or ended violently Age of Invention Advances in Transportation • Streetcars (cable cars) • Subways ▫ Underground transportation that relieved street traffic ▫ First used in Boston and New York • Automobiles ▫ 1867 – internal combustion engine ▫ Early automobiles were very expensive and unreliable • Airplanes ▫ 1903 – Wright brothers first to successfully fly an airplane Age of Invention Advances in communication • The telegraph ▫ Sending messages over wires using electricity ▫ Morse code • The telephone ▫ Invented in 1876 ▫ By 1900 more than 1 million had been installed • The typewriter ▫ Created many new job opportunities, especially for women Quiz #1 • • • • • Unit 5 vocab. Notes on 2nd Industrial Revolution Notes on Workforce Story of Us: Cities I Handout: Growth of Industry Quiz #1 1. Explain how the steel, oil, and railroad industry contributed to the beginning of a ‘Second Industrial Revolution’ in the United States 2. Where did ‘New Immigrants’ come from? Where did they enter the United States? What are two ways immigrants contributed to the 2nd Industrial Revolution? Quiz #1 3. What is ‘Laissez Faire’? How did Laissez Faire attitudes contribute to the 2nd Industrial Revolution? What was one negative consequence of these attitudes? 4. How did cities change during the late 1800s and early 1900s? Provide two examples. Progressive Era • By the late 19th century industrialization had created many social, political, and economic problems in the United States • Poor and dangerous working conditions • Child labor • Urban poverty • Political corruption • • • • • Trusts and monopolies Civil rights inequalities Women’s Suffrage Alcoholism Immoral business practices Progressive Era • In the 1890’s A reform movement called ‘Progressivism’ began to address these issues • Reformers, people who brought about change, were known as ‘Progressives’ • Some Progressives were investigative journalists called ‘muckrakers’ because they ‘raked up,’ or exposed, the filth of society Problems • Urban poor (poor living conditions) • Poor/dangerous working conditions Progressive • Child labor Era • Trusts and Monopolies • Gender inequality • Political corruption Solutions • Settlement Houses & housing reform • Muckrakers • Labor Unions • Child Labor laws • ‘Trust Busting’ • Temperance and Suffrage movement • Election reforms • Some Progressives were investigative journalists called ‘muckrakers’ because they ‘raked up,’ or exposed, the filth of society Class Differences The Wealthy • Made fortunes in business and industry • Liked to display their wealth • High society women often read ▫ Valued ‘proper’ behavior ▫ Organized and decorated the home, entertained guests, managed servants ▫ Some lent their time and money to social reform Middle Class • Accountants, managers, salespersons • Professionalization for teachers, engineers, lawyers, doctors, etc. • Women with more leisure time could participate in reform movements • Became more public Urban Poor • Many people in the cities lived in terrible poverty ▫ Wages kept low ▫ Housing shortages ▫ Cramped conditions • In New York City, ½ the population lived in crowded tenements ▫ Located near factories ▫ Extreme pollution and filth ▫ Unsanitary – sickness and death were common ▫ Most had no lighting, ventilation, or running water Urban Poor • In response, U.S. cities began building ‘Settlement Houses’ ▫ Place in poor areas that provides services to people in need • Jane Addams founded the Hull House in Chicago 1889 ▫ Taught English ▫ Provided job training ▫ Held social activities and hosted clubs • The settlement house movement spread quickly to other major U.S. cities ▫ Lillian Wald in New York • Most workers were middle-class women Political Machines Party Boss Gave money to party boss Carried out favors for poor immigrants Looked the other Way Got votes Got ‘kickbacks’ Laws favored business Police officials Rich businessmen Boss supporters Political Corruption • Progressives wanted to eliminate political corruption and make government more efficient ▫ City governments ran by commissions ▫ Government control of utilities ▫ Limits on campaign spending Election Reform • Progressives also wanted to reform elections ▫ Make them more fair ▫ Hold politicians accountable • They helped bring about several changes: ▫ Direct primary elections ▫ Helped pass the 17th Amendment – direct election of senators ▫ Secret ballots ▫ Initiative – citizens can propose new laws ▫ Referendum – Citizens can vote on proposed or existing laws ▫ Recall – citizens can remove an elected official from office Muckrakers • Ida Tarbell ▫ 523 • Upton Sinclair ▫ 528 • Lincoln Steffens ▫ 547 • Florence Kelley ▫ 547 • What problems/issues did the muckraker address? • How did they bring attention to the problem? • What were some examples of the problem? Woman’s Rights • By the late 1800s, women were finding more opportunities for education and employment than ever before. • 1870 = 20% of college students • 1900 = 33% of college students • Continued to work as teachers and nurses • Also entered work as bookkeepers, typists, secretaries, and shop clerks Woman’s Rights • Women had a 3-part strategy to achieve suffrage (right to vote) 1. 2. Convince state’s to allow woman to vote • • Achieved victory in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho No more successes from 1896-1910 • • Women attempted to vote illegally 150 times Supreme Court ruled woman were citizens, but citizenship did not automatically grant the right to vote Women challenged the Supreme Court on the 14th amendment 3. Woman tried for constitutional amendment that would grant the vote • • “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.” Amendment was introduced every year for 18 years, always failed Winning the Vote • Alice Paul and Lucy Burns broke away from NAWSA • Began using more bold and radical tactics • Focused on National Amendment • Created National Woman’s Party Winning the Vote • 1916 Parade interrupted the Democratic convention • 1918 – women picketed in front of the white house 24/7 ▫ Picketers arrested, jailed, and force fed when attempting hunger strike Progressive Presidents • Teddy Roosevelt used the power of the Presidency to push for Progressive reforms ▫ Especially in business and environmental protection ▫ White House as ‘Bully Pulpit’ • Roosevelt tried to bring to the nation a ‘square deal’ ▫ Expressed his belief that the needs of workers, consumers, and owners, should be balanced Progressive Presidents • “We demand that big business give the people a square deal; in return we must insist that when anyone engaged in big business honestly endeavors to do right he shall himself be given a square deal.” Progressive Presidents • Roosevelt earned a reputation as a ‘trust-buster’ ▫ Filed dozens of lawsuits against companies that held monopolies or sold inferior products, or competed unfairly • Regulated railroads ▫ Elkins Act ▫ Hepburn Act • Passed consumer protection laws ▫ Meat Inspection Act ▫ Pure Food & Drug Act Progressive Presidents • Before Roosevelt, business needs had always taken priority over the environment • Roosevelt believed each generation had a duty to protect and conserve natural resources • In 1905 established the U.S. Forest Service • Added 150 million acres to the national conservation forests Progressive Presidents • Republican William Howard Taft 1908-1912 • Helped pass the 16th Amendment – created a federal income tax ▫ Continued many programs begun by Roosevelt ▫ Helped the government pay for progressive programs ▫ Lost election in 1912 to Woodrow Wilson Progressive Presidents • Democrat Woodrow Wilson 1912-1920 ▫ Reduced tariffs ▫ Created a ‘graduated’ income tax • Passed the Federal Reserve Act • Clayton Antitrust Act ▫ Prohibited companies from buying stock of competing companies ▫ Legalized labor strikes and boycotts • Helped ratify the 19th Amendment, guaranteeing women the right to vote After the Civil War America experienced a rapid change into another Industrial Revolution “Big Business” described the new breed of industry that focused on profits and expansion By the late 1800s most business leaders believed in laissez-faire capitalism Laissez-faire (le-say-FER) is the belief that government should stay out of business and “let it lie” Economists and business leaders embraced the idea of ‘Social Darwinism’ Charles Darwin studied plants and animals and found that they compete for survival He then applied these beliefs to human society Survival of the fittest was a business belief that defined the Second Industrial Revolution It tried to justify the gap between the extremely rich and the extremely poor. Using your textbook (pgs. 468-471) fill in the blanks and construct a timeline of the following events: 1. Rockefeller enters the ______ business 2. Carnegie leaves the railroad business for the _______ industry. 3. Vanderbilt owns the New York Central _______. 4. 90% of US oil is _________ by the Standard Oil Company. 5. George Pullman builds a town for his __________. 6. Carnegie sells US Steel to ___________. John D. Rockefeller Oil Tycoon who held control of almost all oil refining in the US Expanded his business to include many sectors including railroads and steel production Andrew Carnegie A Scottish born immigrant, Andrew Carnegie rose from relative “rags to riches” by working and investing in railroads, oil, and steel. He dominated the steel production industry until he sold everything and began giving away massive amounts of his fortune to charity Cornelius Vanderbilt Vanderbilt invested in railroads during the Civil War which turned out to be a huge profit machine His company owned over 4,500 miles of railroad track Essential Question: What caused people to move to large cities? What civil rights issues existed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? What were Americans’ reactions to social change in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Lets read the inside story pg. 472 Ranking working conditions during the Second Industrial Revolution Each member of you group has a role: 1st role: Founder – Name your group and create a motto 2nd role: Visionary – Come up with 3 goals your union is demanding 3rd role: Tactician – Come up with 2 strategies on how to reach your goals 4th role: Publicist – Present your Labor Union to the class You are a worker in a factory during the Second Industrial Revolution. Write a diary entry about your work life… Include: Where you work Working conditions What you can do to change the conditions? Progressives Research & Presentation Immoral Business practices • Ida Tarbell • Upton Sinclair • Julius Chambers • Henry Demarest Lloyd • Samuel Hopkins Adams • Burton Hendricks Political Corruption • Lincoln Steffens • Tom Johnson • Robert LaFollette • Thomas Nast • David Graham Phillips Living Conditions • Jacob Riis • Eugene V. Debs • Mary Harris Jones • Jane Addams • Lillian Wald • Frances Kellor • Nellie Bly Trusts and Monopolies • Frank Norris • Teddy Roosevelt • Woodrow Wilson Prohibition • Frances Willard • Carry Nation Suffrage • Lucy Burns • Susan B. Anthony • Alice Paul • Carrie Chapman Catt Prejudice and Discrimination • Ida B. Wells • W.E.B. Du Bois • Jane Addams • Sigmund Livingston • Booker T. Washington • William Walling Child Labor • Florence Kelley • John Spargo New Immigrants • Read the sections titled: ▫ Ellis Island (pg.491) ▫ Angel Island (pg. 492) • Pretend you are an immigrant who came to America through either Ellis Island or Angel Island and you are writing a journal entry of your experience. ▫ In your journal entry, include where you may have come from, why you left, what obstacles you had to overcome, and generally what your experience was like ▫ Extra credit – write a 2nd account from the other port of entry Notebook check - Today • • • • • Unit 4 vocab. Discrimination and Segregation Q&A Struggles for Equality (ranking) Unit 5 vocab. New Immigrants Q&A