Transcript Folie 1

Task 42
Annex 24
Compact Thermal Energy Storage:
Material Development for System Integration
I 2012Report
SecondProgress-Report
Semi-annual Status
Objectives
• Identify, design and develop new materials and
composites
• Develop measuring and testing procedures
• Improve performance, stability, and costeffectiveness
• Develop multi-scale numerical models
• Develop and demonstrate novel storage systems
• Assess the impact of new materials on systems
performance
• Disseminate the acquired knowledge and
experience
• Create an active and effective research network
Scope
Classes of materials:
• phase change materials
• sorption and thermochemical materials
From small to large-scale:
• molecular/particle
material synthesis, micro-scale mass
transport, sorption reactions, …
• bulk
heat/mass transport, wall-material
interactions, reactor design, …
• system
economical feasibility studies, case studies,
system tests, …
Organisational Structure
Application Related Activities
Test and Characterisation
High Temp. Applications
Heating / DHW
Cooling
Material Related Activities
Material Engineering / Processing
Numerical Modelling
Apparatus / Components
Theoretical Limits
Organisational Structure
Materials:
Material Engineering / Processing
Test and Characterization
Numerical Modelling
Apparatus and Components
Applications:
Cooling (0 °C – 20 °C)
Heating / DHW (20 °C – 100°C)
High Temp.Appl. (> 100 °C)
Cross Cutting:
Theoretical Limits
WG Leader
Elena Palomo (Univ.Bordeaux)
Stefan Gschwander (ISE)
Camilo Rindt (TUE)
Wim van Helden (ECN)
Motoi Yamaha (Chubu Univ.)
Jane Davidson (Univ.Minnesota)
Luisa Cabeza (Univ.Lleida)
Eva Günther (ZAE)
Meetings
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Place
Bad Tölz
Lleida
Bordeaux
Graz
Belfast
Minneapolis
Tokyo
Petten
Country
Germany
Spain
France
Austria
United Kingdom
United States
Japan
The Netherlands
Date
11-13 February, 2009
21-23 September, 2009
7+8 July, 2010
26-28 September, 2010
20+21 February, 2011
20-22 September, 2011
27-29 March, 2012
18-19 October, 2012
# part.
69
71
51
56
36
30
28
WG C: Physical Limits
the enthalpy of reactions increases with temperature of reaction equilibrium
Chemical Reactions
Is there a rule?
200
Chemical Reaction
Evaporation
Melting (Elements)
Melting (Molecules)
CaCO3 <-> CaO + CO2
s=~183 J/(mol K)
150
h / (kJ/mol)
Ca(OH)2 <-> CaO + H2O
2NH3 <-> N2 + 3H2
100
Evaporation
Troutons‘s Rule
Na
s=~87 J/(mol K)
Hg
C16H34
50
H 2O
CaCl2*6H2O
HCl
0
H2
0
Melting of Elements
Richardson‘s Rule
Ge
Al
Zn
H 2O
Mg
500
Ba
1000
T/K
Ca
s=~13 J/(mol K)
1500
WG C: Physical Limits / Reaction Enthalpy
Reaction in Equilibrium:
∆G = 0 » » »
∆H = T * ∆S
as shown in the graph before
According to Sizmann ∆S should be a function of the
difference of gaseous moles (n)
of both sides of the reaction
Since entropy is generated when condensed matter is converted to gas
We studied some reactions and found:
∆S / (kJ/mol) = 0.876 * n + 0.631
WG C: Physical Limits / Reaction Enthalpy
Difference in entopy of some reactions as a
function of additional moles of gas released
∆S / (kJ/mol) = 0.876 * n + 0.631
WG C: Physical Limits / Reaction Enthalpy
Enthalpy of reaction as a function of temperature and
the difference of gaseous moles
WG C: Physical Limits / Reaction Enthalpy
List of reactions studied:
1 mole gas production:
1
CaO(s)
+
1
H2O(g)
↔ 1
Ca(OH)2(s)
1
MgO(s)
+
1
CO2(g)
↔ 1
MgCO3(s)
1
CaO(s)
+
1
CO2(g)
↔ 1
CaCO3(s)
4
HCl(g)
+
1
O2(g)
↔ 2
Cl2(g)
+
2
H2O(g)
2
H2(g)
+
1
CO2(g)
↔ 1
C(s)
+
2
H2O(g)
+
1
H2O(g)
2 moles gas production:
3
H2(g)
+
1
N2(g)
↔ 2
NH3(g)
1
CO(g)
+
3
H2(g)
↔ 1
CH4(g)
4 moles gas production
5
H2(g)
+
4
C(s)
↔ 1
C4H10(g)
1
C6H6(g)
+
3
H2(g)
↔ 1
C6H12(l)
+
7
C(s)
↔ 1
C7H16(l)
8 moles gas production
8
H2(g)
„New“ Annex / Extension
Why should the work of Annex 24 be continued?
• An international network of experts has been established (ECES/SHC,
Material/System…)
• „Unknown“ R&D demand could be identified e.g. test and
chracterization, theoretical limits (economical limits?)
• New promising classes of materials are currently under investigation,
like solid-solid PCM or MOFs
• The identification of material requirements for relevant applications, by
means of numerical simulation of storage technologies, using the
simulation modules developed e.g. in Phase I could now start.
Economical
Evaluation
Applications and
System Integration
„New“ Annex / Extension
Material Engineering and Processing
Test and Characterization
Numerical Modelling