Transcript Slide 1

ECO-BEACH PROJECT
Integrating Composting Toilets within
the Concept of an Eco-Beach
Richard Forbes - Physics
Gemma Gotch - Chemistry
Panagiotis Grigorakis – Electrical Engineering
Judith Martyns-Yellowe – Environmental Engineering
26th April 2007
Overview
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ECO-BEACH PROJECT
Background
Eco-Beach Concept
Project Objectives
Beach Classification
Feasibility of Wind & Solar
Composting Theory
ESP-r Model & Results
Composting Toilet Design
Environmental & Economic Impact
Conclusion
26th April 2007
Background
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
• Waste on Beach
- Mainly landfilled by local
authorities
- Estimated £585,000 spent
on beach cleaning in 2006
• Facilities
- Few toilets and kiosks
(centralized)
- Restricted locations
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Eco-Beach Concept
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
A framework that delivers a comprehensive
approach to sustainable beach management
Key:
= Recycling Point
= Transport
= Kiosk
= Composting Toilet
= Education
= Access Route
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Project Objectives
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
• Define Eco-Beach Concept
• Develop a beach classification guide
• Feasibility Study of Wind & Solar Energy
• Design a composting toilet
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Beach Classification
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
Guideline for determining requirements of an
Eco-Beach.
Category 1
Category 3
Category 2
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Beach Classification 2
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
Category 1: Remote Beach, South Harris
Best Environmental option to leave beaches as
they are.
Category 2: Ayr Beach
Composting Toilet, Recycling facilities, Access for
disabled use, Educational notices.
Category 3: St Andrew’s (West Sands)
Composting Toilets, Recycling facilities, public
transport service, Educational activities on the
beach, sustainable kiosk possibility.
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Wind and Solar Power
• Wind
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
velocity / m s-1
Velocity Exceedence Curve for Irvine
10
8
6
4
2
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0
50
100
150
200
time / days
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PV
– Good match with demand
– Low intensity (and structures are small)
• Solar Water Heating
– Good match with demand
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Wind and Solar
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
• Structures requiring power: Kiosk, Ice
Cream Van, Toilet
Application
Electrical
Appliance
Rating
Renewable
Supply
Option
Area
required
(m2)
Cooking
3 kW
Biofuel
N/A
Hot Water
1 kW
Solar
Collector
0.5
Ice Cream
Maker
800 W
PV
8.4
6
Cold
Storage
100 W
PV
1.4
1
Cost
(£’000s)
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Supplying Cold Storage
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
Power Consumption (W)
Fridge & Freezer Profile
200
150
100
50
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Tim e (Hr)
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Composting Toilet
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
• Composting Process:
Heat
H 2O
Human
Waste
CO2
Composting Pile
Micro Organisms
Finished
Product
O2
• Heat produced can result in T ~ 70oC
• Composting toilets don’t achieve this
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Composting Toilets
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
• Can high temperatures be achieved?
– Insulation
– Optimal conditions (moisture, C:N ratio, air flow)
• Insulation requirements determined by
dynamic modelling and experiments
• Conditions controlled by features of overall
design
• Calorific Value ~ 25 MJ / kg
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Composting
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
21:36
19:12
16:48
14:24
12:00
09:36
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30
20
10
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07:12
Temp / oC
• Peak heating power ~ 84 W / kg
Time
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ESP-r Model
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
• Objective
• Construction
• 250W Gain – 3kg of
faeces
• Airflow – 36 m3/hr
• Control – 55-70 °C
• Insulation
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ESP-r Results
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
• Mean temperature is 62 °C
• Insulation → 10cm polystyrene
Mean
temperature
Compost
temperature
Ambient
Temperature
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Composting Toilet Design
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
Key considerations in our design
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Maintaining optimum conditions for a thermophillic process
Low energy toilet
Ease of maintenance
Multifunctional
A finished product that is safe to handle
Achieving optimum conditions
• Moisture control – Diverting and composting urine
• Aeration – Ventilation and Exhaust powered by 10W PV panel
• C:N ratio – Saw dust provides the carbon required to maintain
a C:N ratio of 30:1
• Temperature – Insulating chamber with 10cm polystyrene
boards
• Design of a saw dust dispenser
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ECO-BEACH PROJECT
0.40
0.30
Sawdust flusher
1.80
1.30
Urine
composter
1.00
0.05
1.00
All dimensions in meters
Dry
urinals
1.70
0.50
0.10
2.00
2.00
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Benefits of the Eco-beach Concept
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
Environment
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Reduced energy consumption
Pollution and nutrification reduction
Re-use of waste, less use of landfills
Improved environmental & sustainability awareness
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Benefits (II)
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
Socio-Economic
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Enhanced tourism
More revenue for councils
Improved accessibility
Alternative uses for beach litter – waste becomes a
resource
• Cost of land filling waste is reduced considerably
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Limitations & Recommendations
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
• Lack of accurate data from local councils
• Experimental conditions
• Design of an Eco centre for educational activities, café, shops
which would be powered entirely by renewable supply
• Comprehensive cost study of waste management on the
beach
• Consider other applications for the toilet
such as festivals, construction sites
• Sophisticated control system
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Conclusions
ECO-BEACH PROJECT
• Defined the concept of the Eco beach
• Beach classification model
• Solar resource most suited for the beach there are limitations
• High temperature composting is possible
without heaters
• Toilet design
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ECO-BEACH PROJECT
Thank you for listening…………
Any Questions?
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ECO-BEACH PROJECT
Food
Human
Waste
Compost
Toilet
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ECO-BEACH PROJECT
Energy,
Chemicals
Food
Fresh Water
Drinking Water
Human Waste
Foul Water
Compost
Water for
discharge to sea
Sludge
Contaminated
Water
Energy
Aerobic
Digestion
Anaerobic
Digestion
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ECO-BEACH PROJECT
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