Transcript Slide 1
Chapter 39 Fish
http://www.fishtalesportfishing.com/images/chartwithfish.jpg
With introduction to vertebrae classes
Sources: Modern Biology- Holt, Reinhart & Winston http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fishadvice/advice.html
ocw.tufts.edu/Content/5/Lecturenotes/215706
Mrs. Lori Schalles Biology II Ringgold High School
I.
Introduction to Vertebrates
Phylum -
Chordata.
Subphylum –
Vertebrata
Recall- All Chordates share the following characteristics: -Notochord -Dorsal hollow nerve cord -Pharyngeal gill slits -Post-anal tail
www.anselm.edu
A. Vertebrate Characteristics:
• •
Vertebrae
- bones or cartilage that surround the dorsal nerve cord and form the spine.
Cranium
– –
highly cephalized a skull that protects the brain well developed brain
&
sense organs
•
Endoskeleton
internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage
•
Closed circulatory system
:
heart, arteries and veins
•
Paired appendages
– (
Usually)
•
Sexes separate in most
B. Vertebrates are divided into nine classes:
• • • • • • • • •
Myxini
- hagfishes
Cephalaspidomorphi
- lampreys
Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii
- sharks, rays, skates - ray-finned fishes
Sarcopterygii
- lobe-finned fishes
Amphibia Reptilia -
- frogs, toads, salamanders lizards, snakes, and turtles
Aves
- birds
Mammalia -
mammals
Evolutionary relationships vertebrates
The first fish were jawless.
About 450 million years ago, the first fishes with jaws and paired fins appeared. Jaws are thought to have evolved from the first pair of gill arches, the skeletal elements that support the pharynx.
II. Fish
A. Adaptations
1.
Paired fins
-increase fish stability & maneuverability in water
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/images/3003_fish_2.gif
Fin functions
• • • • •
Dorsal fin
:Stabilizer, Courtship, Defense
Pectoral fin
: counteract
Pelvic fin
: stabilizer
Caudal fin
: Motor
Anal fin
: Stabilizer, Gonopodium (modified for transferring sperm in live bearers)
2. Fish Integument
•
Bony scales
of fish are overlapping plates of bone
3 kinds of scales: –
Ctenoid
- thin & hair
produced in the dermal layer.
–like ends –
Cycloid-
thin with smooth edges –
Ganoid
– thick & heavy •
Mucous (glycocalyx)
– Full of antibiotic / antifungal enzymes and antibodies – Protective coating – Slough off pathogens – Can be detrimental in high amounts •
Alarm cells (pheromone)
3. Adaptations to life in water:
•
Streamlined body plan rapidly in water) – (allows fish to move
•
Adaptations for buoyancy
–
stored gases ( swim bladder
–
lipids or lung ) help maintain vertical position in water
•
Efficient respiration - gills exchange gases
•
Homeostasis - concentration of solutes
– –
in a fish’s body usually differs from that of the water. have adaptations to maintain ion and water concentration
4. Sensory Adaptations
•
Sight
: fish eyes like eyes of land vertebrates
•
Sound:
internal ears hear
•
Nostrils & Tastebuds
–
chemoreception (detect chemicals)
– –
senses of smell and taste. Tastebuds may be located in
–
mouths, lips, fins, and skin, and on whisker-like organs called
barbels.
•
Lateral line:
is a system of canals in the skin that allow fish to sense vibration in the water picture from: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/shark-diagram1.jpg
•
NOTE: some fish have the ability to detect electrical and magnetic fields : example-
–
Ampulae of Lorenzini: cartilaginous fishes have sense organs that can detect weak electrical fields
Figure 24.10
Lateral line system (baroreception) Electroreceptors (Amupullae of Lorenzini)
B. Types of Fish 1. Jawless Fish
a. Myxini ( Hagfishes )
– –
Also known as “slime eels” Hagfish burrow into & eat dead fish oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/.../media/hagfish.html
b. Cephalaspidomorphi ( Lampreys )
–
Parasitic Lampreys attach themselves to their host with disc shaped mouth & feed on host’s blood.
www.answers.com
http://www.ryanphotographic.com/chordates.htm
Class
Cephalaspidomorphi
- The Lampreys
Atlantic Hagfish
http://www.seasky.org/monsters/sea7a1q.html
• Myxine glutinosa, is covered with special glands that emit
sticky slime
• In fact, a single hagfish can produce enough slime at one time to fill a milk jug.
• The slime
covers enemy fish & chokes them to death
because they cannot breath.
• Sometimes the hagfish makes so much slime it covers its own body- then it
ties itself into a knot to wipe off the slime
.
Class Myxini - The Hagfishes
Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fish
• • • • •
Skeleton
composed of cartilage (soft, flexible lightweight tissues made of cells & protein)
Skin
is covered with
placoid scales-
(small tooth-like spines which reduce turbulence, increase swimming efficiency)
Respiration Excretion
-
gills
- convert ammonia to urea
Reproduction
-internal fertilization – Most lay eggs, some live birth –
No parental care.
-
Figure 24.12
Clearnose Skate Southern Stingray
Shark
• •
Shark Bite Facts:
Tens of thousands of people come in close contact with sharks each year while swimming, surfing, or boating, numbers of shark attacks are negligible. In 2005, there were 58 confirmed "unprovoked" shark attacks in the world, resulting in 4 deaths.
Good site: http://www.infoplease.com/spot/sharks1.html
1,600 people are bitten in New York City, by other people, every year.
• •
In the U.S., your chances of getting killed by lightning are 30 times greater than dying of a shark attack.
Bees , wasps, and snakes kill more people each year than sharks Tips for Avoiding Attack
•
Stay out of the water at night, dusk, or dawn. Sharks are most active at night.
•
Swim in a group. Sharks prefer to attack lone victims.
•
Keep close to shore. It will be easier for help to reach you in an attack.
•
Avoid sandbars and sharp drop-offs where fish congregate.
•
Stay out of polluted or murky water.
•
Avoid areas being used by fishermen.
•
Be wary of feeding birds, or porpoises, which indicate the presence of fish.
•
Do not swim if you are bleeding. Sharks can detect tiny amounts of blood.
•
Do not wear shiny jewelry; underwater it resembles fish scales.
•
Avoid bright swimsuits and uneven tanning. Contrasts attract sharks.
•
Do not splash a lot, since it attracts sharks.
EUGENIE CLARK WITH BULL SHARK (MEXICO)
Figure 24.07
EMBRYO AND YOLK SAC SWELL SHARK EGG CASE (JAPAN)
Shark from the Inland Sea: Cretoxgrhina Mantelli (Niobrara Formation In Kansas)
3. Boney Fish
•
3 Key features: 1. scales on body 2.
3.
lungs or swim bladder bone in the skeleton
•
2 types: A. Lobe-Finned Fishes B. Ray-finned fishes
A. LOBE-finned fishes
• Have
fleshy fins
with bony axis • Extinct lobe-fin fish may have been
ancestors of amphibians
• Groups alive today – 1 species
coelacanth
– 6 species
lungfish
(can
gulp AIR
into lung as Oxygen source)
www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/far/12588.html
COELOCANTH - SUBCLASS SARCOPTERYGII LOBE-FINNED FISH SINGLE SPECIES -
LATIMERIA CHALUMNAE
B. RAY-Finned Fishes
• Have thin, non-fleshy &
flexible fins
• Includes most familiar fish: Yellow perch, trout, salmon, guppies, goldfish, herring,& eels.
• •
Bony fish anatomy & physiology Operculum
-
a hard plate that opens at the rear and
covers & protects the gills.
Circulatory system
– –
heart has two chambers in a row Blood from the body enters the sinus venosus, moves into the
–
atrium , then into the ventricle. From the ventricle it enters the conus arteriosus, and then goes to the gills. Note the thick walls of muscle for pumping .
Respiratory system
• •
Gills
for gas exchange.
Countercurrent flow.
– –
Water flows across the gill filaments in a direction opposite to blood flow Countercurrent flow allows more oxygen to diffuse into the blood than if blood and water flowed in the same direction.
Figure 24.29a
Figure 24.29c
Water flow in opposite direction to blood flow (counter-current flow) Construction of a single gill filament with numerous, disc-shaped lamella oriented parallel to water flow
Skeleton:
The major parts of a fish’s skeleton are the skull, spinal column, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and ribs
Internal structures:
What is a swim bladder?
• Most boney fishes have a swim bladder • Adjusts fish overall
density by regulating gas in the swim bladder.
• Thin walled sac in abdominal cavity –
Contains mix of gases (oxygen, CO2, Nitrogen) obtained from the Bloodstream.
• Probably evolved from balloon-like lungs • Can
amplify sound
in some fish.
Excretory system
•
The kidneys
–
Have nephrons
–
filter chemical wastes from the blood
–
form urine, a solution containing ammonia, ions such as salts, and water.
•
The gills
–
also allow wastes to diffuse from the blood into
–
the water help regulate ion and water balance in fish.
Nervous system
• Includes brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory organs.
• See page 792 for location & function of olfactory bulbs, cerebrum, optic tectum, cerebellum & medulla oblongata.
2 methods of Reproduction
1. spawning.
-
most bony fish reproduce by external fertilization (some internal) 2. Some fish bear live young.
Example- guppies -can store sperm & have up to 4 pregnancies from one deposit
. Additional Info-
Ray finned fish are a very diverse group
Chondrostei : Sturgeons (think caviar…..) Atlantic Sturgeon - Eastern rivers in North America
Paddlefish: 2 species (Mississippi River drainage and Yangtze River drainage in China) - large bill used to stir bottom and expose food
JUVENILE LIONFISH (JAPAN)
C. Fish & Humans
• • •
Pollution/ poor water quality affect fish too.
For list of Reptiles Endangered & Threatened Species of Pennsylvania - Fish, Amphibians and go to www.fish.state.pa.us/endang1.htm
•
O2 is as important to fish as to terrestrial animals
– If Oxygen poor water, fish will die – “Osmotically unfriendly”, (H2O is 800 times denser than air) – Water is a “soup of pathogens”
ocw.tufts.edu/Content/5/Lecturenotes/215706
Can fish be trained?
• http://kdka.com/video/[email protected]
port.com
• http://www.fish-school.com/
National Geographic Video-Over Fishing
http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0704/sights_n_sounds/index.html
How to Help: Safe, Sustainable Seafood:
http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0704/feature1/online_extra.html
Pennsylvania Fishes
• Pennsylvania is home to many popular game fish, including trout, bass, musky, walleye, steelhead, panfish and many more! • http://sites.state.pa.us/PA_Exec/Fish_Boat/pafish/fishhtms/chapindx.htm
Northern Snakehead
•
Snakeheads are native to parts of China, Russia, and Korea- alien to PA The air-breathing, land-crawling, voracious predator found in a pond in Crofton, Maryland, is now multiplying into PA.
The fish's ability to breathe out of water and travel across land has increased the sense of urgency among wildlife officials
.
•
IF YOU CATCH ONE
dispose of them properly. Anglers suspecting they have caught a snakehead are encouraged to NOT release it, and report it to theCommission at 610-847-2442 or via email .
•
PA REGULATIONS
• It is unlawful for a person to possess, sell, purchase, offer for sale or barter live snakehead species in Pennsylvania.
http://www.fish.state.pa.us/water/fish/snakehead/000index.htm
Red Bellied Piranha
Serrasalmus nattereri
By Pittsburgh Zoo Staff • Weight -up to three pounds • Length -8 to 15 inches in length. • Can live up to 8 years. • Red-bellied piranhas live in the warm fresh water regions of South America. • Feed on fish, birds, reptiles, rodents, and small mammals. • The name South American native language Tupi-guarani and means “
cuts the skin
.” • It is
illegal
to keep piranhas in 21 states of the United States.
''A school of these 8- to 12 inch fish, have been observed gnawing a 400 pound hog to the bone in minutes'' (from the “Book of Facts”)
Photo in the News: Century Old Fish Caught in Alaska
April 6, 2007 —A handful of Christians preparing rockfish as part of their traditional fish dinner this Good Friday might be feasting on one of the oldest creatures ever to live in Alaskan waters. Commercial fishers in the Bering Sea recently hauled in the female shortraker rockfish seen above, which scientists say was between 90 and 115 years old.
Researchers at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) used growth rings in the fish's ear bone, or otolith, to make their age estimate.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/04/070406-oldest-fish.html
Oily / fatty fish Commonly eaten fish:
http://www.eatwell.gov.uk/healthydiet/nutritionessentials/fishandshellfish/ White / non-oily fish Salmon Trout Mackerel Herring Sardines Pilchards Kipper Eel Whitebait Tuna (fresh only) Anchovies Swordfish Bloater Cacha Carp Hilsa Jack fish Katla Orange roughy Sprats Cod Haddock Plaice Coley Whiting Lemon sole Skate Halibut Parrot fish Pollack Pomfret Red and grey mullet Red fish Red snapper Rohu Sea bass Rock salmon/Dogfish Ayr Catfish Dover sole Flounder Flying fish Hake Hoki John Dory Kalabasu Ling Monkfish Sea bream Shark Tilapia Turbot Tinned tuna Marlin
Oily fish are all rich sources of omega 3 fatty acids, which help prevent heart disease.
Would you eat FUGU???
•
Puffer fish
(genus-
Takifugu
)( “
Fugu”
in Japanese) is an expensive delicacy. • But more than just the money- it could cost your life!
• • It has a
deadly poison
( tetrodotoxin) in its organs. • Chefs must take intensive courses & pass exam to become licensed. Only 30% of the applicants pass the test!
Several people die each year from eating this fish.
If an ingested dose of the fugu's poison is lethal, as more and more muscles are paralyzed, symptoms may include dizziness, exhaustion, headache, nausea or difficulty breathing. For 50 to 80% of the victims, death follows within four to 24 hours.
• To learn more on FUGU http://www.search.com/reference/Fugu
Eating Fish
• • •
Is eating fish healthy?
Fish and shellfish are an important part of a healthy diet. Contain protein & omega-3 fatty acids, are low in saturated fat However, nearly all fish and shellfish contain traces of mercury.
• • • •
What is mercury and methylmercury?
Mercury occurs naturally in the environment Can be released into air by industrial pollution. Mercury falls from the air and can accumulate in streams and oceans and is turned into methylmercury in the water. This type of mercury can be harmful to unborn babies & young child. Fish absorb methylmercury as they feed & it builds up in them. It builds up more in some types of fish and shellfish than others.
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fishadvice/advice.html
Recommendations for eating fish to reduce exposure to mercury.
• • •
Do not eat Shark, Swordfish, King Mackerel, or Tilefish
because they contain high levels of mercury.
Eat up to 12 ounces (2 average meals) a week of a variety of fish and shellfish that are lower in mercury
. – Five commonly eaten fish that are
low in mercury
are
shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish.
–
Albacore ("white") tuna has more mercury
tuna.. than canned light
Check local advisories about the safety of fish caught by family and friends in your local lakes, rivers, and coastal areas.
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fishadvice/advice.html
http://www.purdue.edu/dp/envirosoft/mercury/slides/wc27new.gif