Transcript Modernism after 1945

Mavlenkin Alexander
MIIGAiK
Moscow
• For thirty years after the
Second World War the
various images of
modernity established in
the 1920s and 1930s
held undisputed sway,
though in cases they
were now developed
and extended by the
same architects, including
Wright, Corbusier, Mies
van der Rohe and Aalto.
Frank Lloyd Wright: Exterior of the Guggenheim Museum,
New York City (des.1942-3; built 1957-60)
• The most influential formgivers in the years
immediately after the war
were Corbusier and Mies
van der Rohe…Mies
continued with his chill
minimalism in steel and
glass, while Corbusier
developed a more
sensational sculptural style,
though generally expressed
in the visually unalluring
medium of concrete. Frank
Lloyd Wright continued to
be as prolific as ever…his
work – science-fiction kitsch.
Mies van der
Rohe: Residential
buildings on LakeShore-Drive 19501951
Le Corbusier: The chapel of NotreDame-du-Haut at Ronchamp, France,
1950-1955
Frank Lloyd Wright: Synagogue BethShalom, Elkins Park, PA, USA, 1959
• He had been appointed
professor of architecture in
1938 in Chicago. His work
here celebrated an
industrial vocabulary of
steel-frame construction
with glass and beige brick
infill – American I-beam,
there were cruciform
columns he had used in the
1930s, which played an
important visual and
structural role.
Mies van der
Rohe: Residential
buildings, USA,
Chicago
Mies van der
Rohe: IBM Plaza,
Chicago, Illinois
Mies van der Rohe: Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois, 1946—1951
• In process of rethought as
a reinforced concrete
structure following
difficulties in the supply of
materials Le Corbusier
finally abandoned the
smooth machine-wrought
surfaces admired between
the wars, in place of a
deliberately rough finish
displaying the impress of
Le Corbusier:
the timber planking in
which the concrete had
Building,
been cast…all of it led
Hansa, Berlin
him to his beton brut (raw
or unfaced concrete).
Le Corbusier: The Centre Le Corbusier, art museum, Zürich, Switzerland, 1967
• Raw and unfaced concrete
is landmark of this style. But
also monumentality without
resource to traditional
classical vocabulary. The
massiveness and nearmegalomaniac scale of the
Secretariat, the High Court
and the Palace of the
Assembly (parliament) with
their distinctive profiles,
especially the shell or
parasol roofs of the
Assembly, make them
effective as sculptural
symbols of civic order.
Le Corbusier:
the Palace of
the Assembly,
Chandigarh,
India, 19531963
Le Corbusier: the High
Court , Chandigarh,
India, 1953-1963
Le Corbusier: the Secretariat, Chandigarh, India, 1953-1963
• Besides Le Corbusier there were
other architects, who liked raw
materials and displayed in their
work. Architects such as Peter
Smithson in partnership with his
wife Alison, their Secondary
Alvar Aalto: The
Modern School at Hunstanton,
Norfolk, was the first monument Nordic House,
Reykjavík, 1968
of New Brutalism in England.
Mies van der Rohe with his steel
frame and brick-panel
architecture. The heavy concrete
buildings of Sir Denys Lasdun.
The extensive work of Sir Leslie
Martin in the International
Modern Style. And one of the
best known architects, who used
in his work only natural
materials and raw materials
Alvar Aalto.
Sir Leslie Martin:
Sir Denys
Lasdun:
Institute of
Education,
London,
1970–1976
Brunswick Centre,
London, 1959
Peter and Alison Smithson: Secondary Modern School, Hunstanton, Norfolk, 1954
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In Finland Alvar Aalto, whom some
have praised for trying to give
modern architecture a human face,
entered in the 1940s into the most
productive phase of his career. This
began in 1946 with a residential
building for senior students at the
Institute, the Baker Dormitory. He
used red brick like many old
buildings in Boston, Cambridge, Yale
and Princeton. It was his first use of
red brick in a major urban building.
One of his most plastic or neoExpressionist compositions is the
church Vuoksenniska. The plan of the
nave comprises three asymmetrical
shell forms which, in order to
accommodate three different sizes
of congregation, can be separated
by sliding curved walls.
Alvar Aalto: the
Baker Dormitory,
MIT, Cambridge,
1947-49
Alvar Aalto: church
Vuoksenniska, Imatra,
Finland, 1955-58,
section, model
Alvar Aalto: The church Vuoksenniska, Imatra, Finland, 1955-58
• In the 1960s and 1970s the
modern movement entered a
Mannerist phase characterized
by the playful use of elements
previously taken with deadly
seriousness. One of the most
celebrated examples of late
modernism is the Pompidou
Centre, by Renzo Piano and
Richard Rogers. The ideology of
modernism, with its emphasis on
the truthful approach to
structure. The British architect
Nicholas Grimshaw designed the
Stock Exchange and
Communications Centre, Berlin, as
an example of what he called
democratic openness and
transparency. Avoiding a tower
block, Grimshaw’s building
recalls a metallic vertebrate with
its back of nine steel arches.
Foster, Rogers and Grimshaw
were key figures in that time.
Renzo Piano and
Richard Rogers :
the Pompidou
Centre, Paris,
France, 1971 1977
Nicholas Grimshaw: 125 Park Road, London,
1968
• He was key figure at sources of
Modernism. Gropius established
Bauhaus like school (and also
style) and then became its
director 1919-1928. Then he
worked in America, where he
established “The Architects
Collaborative, Inc.” which
resulted in Graduate Center der
Harvard University in
Cambridge. In 1950s he
returned to Berlin and received Walter Gropius:
the title of Doctor of Free
Bauhaus, Dessau,
Germany, 1925-1926
University of Berlin. His
contribution to architecture can
not be assessed, but his credo
(intention is not to introduce
students to a style but to a
method of approach) is a guide
for many architect schools all
over the world.
Walter Gropius: the Fagus Factory, Alfeld an der Leine, Germany, 1910-11
Walter Gropius: Story
Hall, Harvard University,
Cambridge MA, 1950
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Architect-legend for all
contemporary architects. He
established Brazilian National
School of Contemporary
Architecture. His career was
growing up from 40s, it was period
of Brazilian Modernism. First
project in this style was Ministry of
Education and Health. It was the
first state-sponsored modernist
skyscraper in the world, of a much
larger scale than anything Le
Corbusier had built until then.
Brazilian Modernism employed
local materials and techniques, like
the azulejos linked to the
Portuguese tradition; the
revolutionized Corbusian brisessoleil, made adjustable and related
to the Moorish shading devices of
colonial architecture. His creation so
extensively that we can talk about
it for hours and hours.
Oscar Niemeyer: Edifício
Copan, São Paulo, 1953-66
Oscar Niemeyer:
the Ministry of
Education and
Health, Rio de
Janeiro, 1936
Oscar Niemeyer: Palácio da Agricultura, 1950
• Recognizably late modern in
a different way are the
buildings in England of this
architect, example WillisFaber and Dumas head
office. This has a huge
undulating façade entirely
of bronze-tinted glass, which
reflects surrounding buildings
by day but is transparent
when its interiors are
illuminated at dusk. He
established Team 4. Team 4
quickly earned a reputation
for high-tech industrial
design. His creation based
on architecture of Russian
architect Shuhov.
Norman Foster:
Willis Faber and
Dumas
Headquarters,
Ipswich, England,
1970, daylight
Norman Foster: Willis
Faber and Dumas
Headquarters, Ipswich,
England, 1970, night
• Norman Foster: The HSBC
Building, Hong Kong, 1980
Hans Scharoun: Philharmonic concert hall, Berlin, 1957-1963
• Man who was the one of
pioneers of ‘organic’
architecture. He was
responsible for
Philharmonie, the hall for
the Berlin Philharmonic
Orchestra, a late example
of Expressionist or ‘organic’
architecture. The façade of
the Philharmonic Concert
Halls was provided with a
cladding of gold-anodized
aluminum plates; originally
it was a white and ocher
painted concrete facade.
Hans Scharoun: Haus
Schminke, Germany, 1933
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Hans Scharoun: Orplid-Hochhaus,
Böblingen, Germany, 1967
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chill minimalism
reinforced concrete
steel-frame construction
beige brick infill
cruciform columns
smooth machine-wrought surfaces
raw or unfaced concrete
parasol roofs
shell roofs
civic order
raw materials
steel frame
brick-panel architecture
natural materials
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red brick
nave
asymmetrical shell
sliding curved walls
metallic vertebrate
nine steel arches
scale
Azulejos
Corbusian brises-soleil
undulating façade
bronze-tinted glass
gold-anodized aluminum plates
ocher painted concrete façade
• A History of Western Architecture (David Watkin)
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Google pictures
Wikipedia
Wikipedia/wiki/Walter_Gropius
smallbay.ru/architec091.html
arx.novosibdom.ru/node/476
http://www.archandarch.ru/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Scharoun
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of
_Thames_Bank
• This review was solely written by me. In no way have I
plagiarized (represented the work of another as my own) or
otherwise violated the copyright laws and academic conventions
of fair use. I know that violations of this policy any result in my
being dismissed from Moscow State University of Geodesy and
Cartography and/or appropriate legal action being taken
against me.
Signed:
Mavlenkin Alexander
27 March 2014