Transcript E-WASTE: GENERATION, DANGER AND MANAGEMENT

E-WASTE: GENERATION,
DANGER AND MANAGEMENT
ENGR. DR. Y. A. ADEDIRAN, FNSE
Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Ilorin, Ilorin
E-mail: [email protected]
THINGS TO CONSIDER








2
What is E-Waste?
Categories and Components of E-Waste
Dangers of E-Waste
Stakeholders in E-Waste
What can be done with E-Waste?
E-Waste management initiatives (International)
E-Waste Management in Nigeria
Recommendations
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
INTRODUCTION







Electronic Waste (E-Waste, Waste EEE) one of the fastest
growing waste streams all over the world
Contains more than 1000 different substances
Averages 1-3% of total solid waste in developed countries
Increases by 16-28% every 5 years
Need for effective management
Up to 75% of electronics shipped to computer village in Lagos
are irreparable junk
Africa is the latest destination for obsolete EEE because of
–
–
3
Hunger for information and bridging digital divide
Limited capacity to manufacture
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
WHAT IS E-WASTE?
4

No standard definition, each country with its
own definition, interpretation and usage

No definition at all in any African country
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
WHAT IS E-WASTE? EU definition

Waste: Any substance or object which the holder
disposes of or is required to dispose of pursuant to
the provisions of national law in force

EEE: equipment dependent on electrical currents or
electromagnetic (EM) fields in order to work properly,
and
–
5
equipment for generation, transfer and measurements of
such currents and fields…desired for use with a voltage
<100 Vac and 1500 Vdc
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
CATEGORIES OF E-WASTE (by EU)









6
Household appliances (large and small)
IT and Telecoms equipment
Consumer equipment
Lighting equipment
Electrical and electronic tools
Toys, leisure and sports equipment
Medical devices
Monitoring and control instruments
Automatic dispensers
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
A SHORT LIST …
CRT (of computers and television sets),
printers, fax machines, photocopiers,
computer peripherals, VCRs, radio receivers,
CD players, microwave ovens, video games,
…
7
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
COMPONENTS OF E-WASTE






8
Fe and steel
Non-ferrous metals (Pb, Cu, Al, Au, …)
Glass
Plastic
Electronic components (R, C, L, ICs…)
Others (rubber, wood, ceramics, …)
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
DANGERS OF E-WASTE
Component
9
Hazardous Materials
CRT
Pb, As, Hg, P
LCD
Hg
Fluorescent
lamp
Hg, P, flame retardants (FR)
Cooling
system
Ozone depleting substance (ODS)
Others
Se, AsO3, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Br, Ba
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
EFFECTS OF E-WASTE TOXINS
Toxin
10
Effects on Humans
Hg
Impairment of neurological development in
foetus and small children; tremours, emotional
changes, insomnia, headache, kidney effects
respiratory failures, death
Pb
Damage to brain and nervous system, slow
growth in children, hearing problems,
behavioural changes, physical disorders
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
EFFECTS OF E-WASTE TOXINS
Toxin
11
Effects on Humans
Cr
Asthmatic bronchitis, skin irritation,
ulceration, respiratory irritation, perforated
eardrums, kidney damage, pulmonary
congestion and oedema, epigastric pain,
erosion and discolouration of the teeth
BFR
May increase cancer risk to digestive and
lymph systems, endocrine disorder
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
EFFECTS OF E-WASTE TOXINS
Effects on soil:
 Toxic leachates: Hg, Cd, Pb, P
 Uncontrolled fire risk →toxic fumes
 Biologically non-degradable: Cd, HG, BFR
There are also hazardous effects on livestock,
ecology, etc.
12
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
WHY IS E-WASTE A PROBLEM?
E-Waste poses a serious threat to human
health and the environment.
Rapid
technological
changes
13
Increased
electronics
purchase
More
E-Waste
More
Hazardous
materials
in landfills
Increasing
human
health risks
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
STAKEHOLDERS IN E-WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Almost everyone is a stakeholder
Manufacturers
Recyclers
Suppliers
EWaste
Resellers
End-users
Aggregators
14
Collectors
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
EFFECTS OF E-WASTE TOXINS
Toxin
Cr
BFR
15
Effects on Humans
Asthmatic bronchitis, skin irritation, ulceration,
respiratory irritation, perforated eardrums,
Kidney damage, pulmonary congestion and
oedema, epigastric pain, erosion and
discolouration of the teeth
May increase cancer risk to digestive and
lymph systems, endocrine disorder
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
(INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES)







16
Basel Convention
G8 3Rs Initiative
StEP
GTZ
UNEP/DTIE (IETC)
GeSI
SECO
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NIGERA



No serious initiative to address the issue
Govt. organs expected to be responsible:
NESREA, FEPA, NEMA, NASRDA, NCC …
Efforts made:
–
–
–
17
Establishment of institutional framework (FEPA,
NESREA)
Sponsored intn’l conferences on E-Waste control
Latest: Environment Division of NSE
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NIGERA
CHALLENGES:
 Lack of legislation to control in-flow of used
electronics products
 Lack of awareness by public on inherent
dangers of E-Waste
 Lack of recycling facilities
 Poor corporate responsibility by industry
 Used electronics not contraband to Nigerian
Customs Service
18
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NIGERA
NSE INITIATIVES:
 Environment Division of NSE organised a
conference in November 2010 on
Environmental Impact of Telecoms systems
 Communiqué emphasized E-Waste problem
 National Committee set on E-Waste up
 Inaugural meeting held in June 2010
19
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
BETTER OPTIONS FOR YOUR
E-WASTE




20
Increase in sales price to take care of Total
Life Cycle Cost
Donation to schools, orphanage, charitable
non-profit organisations
Auctioning
Sale to recyclers
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
BENEFITS OF RECYCLING




21
Metal recovery for future uses
Conservation of natural resources
Air and water pollution avoidance
Reduction in amount of greenhouse gas
emissions via manufacturing of new products
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
RECOMMENDATIONS




22
Legislation on safe disposal with assistance
of governments
Accompanying sales of new consumer
electronics through process fees
Encouraging genuine recyclers
Manufacturers to take item back at end-of-life
with incentives
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
CONCLUSION


E-Waste a ticking time bomb in developing
countries, Nigeria inclusive
Nigeria, as a major consumer of both new
and used electronics products, needs to take
an urgent look at E-Waste management via
 Legislation
(legal framework)
 Awareness creation at all levels of government
23
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
24
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE
NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011