Lead Awareness

University of Maryland Department of Environmental Safety Martin Wizorek, Manager – Occupational Safety and Health

INTRODUCTION

What is Lead?

 Heavy metal at room temperature      Bluish-gray Low melting point Pliable Corrosion resistant Can form lead compounds 3

In what products was lead commonly used?

     Gasoline (phase-out began 1980)   Smelting Lead batteries (25-78% of all lead used in U.S.) Paints and coatings Solder Auto manufacturing Printing 4

History

 Late 1950’s – Paint manufacturers started to voluntarily reduced lead content of most paint for residential use.

 1978 – CPSC limits paint for residential use to 600 ppm (essentially, lead-free paint).

 However, lead paint for non-residential use is still sold.

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So where is lead paint found?

 Homes built before 1950 – Everywhere – inside and outside (all coatings)  Homes built between 1950-1960 – Probably outside, may be inside – Trims, doors, windows, kitchens, bathrooms, etc.

 Homes built between 1960-1978 – May be outside, less likely inside ***Before 1978 we assume lead!!!

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What is “lead paint”

 EPA/HUD/DHS Definition 1.0 mg/cm 2 5000 ppm 0.5%  Maryland Definition 0.7 mg/cm 2  OSHA and MOSH Definition Any detectable amount 7

Where could I find lead on campus?

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Buildings on Campus & Year Built

Building

Rossborough Inn Morrill Hall Taliaferro Hall Calvert Hall Skinner Building Baltimore Hall West Education Annex Turner Hall LeFrak Hall Energy Plant

Date Built

1798 1898 1909 1913 1917 1920 1922 1923 1928 1931

Last Renovated

1994 2003 1984 1992 1986 1964 1957 9

Buildings on Campus & Year Built

Building

Ritchie Coliseum Shoemaker Building Francis Scott Key Hall Preinkert Hall St. Mary's Hall Holzapfel Hall Anne Arundel Hall H.J. Patterson Hall Agriculture Shed Horse Barn

Date Built

1932 1932 1932 1932 1932 1932 1937 1937 1938 1938

Last Renovated

1996 1952 1987 1991 1967 10

Buildings on Campus & Year Built

Last Renovated Building

Sheep Barn Cattle Barn Microbiology Building Service Building Washington Hall Howard Hall Marie Mount Hall Symons Hall Main Administration Building

Date Built

1938 1938 1939 1940 1940 1940 1940 1940 1940 1988 1986 1986 1980 2000 1964 Altogether, there are 169 numbered buildings on campus that were constructed prior to 1979.

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EXAMPLES OF THE PRESENCE OF LEAD-BASED PAINT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

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Francis Scott Key Hall Exterior white door and door trim 13

Francis Scott Key Hall Cream colored door trim (white door and wall are non-LBP) 14

Cole Field House Interior window sill (men's room) 15

Cole Field House Exterior door trim (note deterioration) Notice the deterioration 16

Cole Field House Painted “Maryland” sign 17

Cambridge Hall Interior drain pipe 18

Cambridge Hall Interior window sill (radiator cover is non-LBP) 19

Cambridge Hall Exterior white window trim 20

Jull Hall Main entrance white door, door trim, wall 21

Jull Hall Rear white door and white window trim 22

HEALTH HAZARDS

Ways in which lead enters the body

 Inhalation - Breathing lead fumes or dust. This is the most common route of entry in the workplace.

 Ingestion - Swallowing lead dust via food, cigarettes etc.

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Health Effects

 Lead which is inhaled or ingested gets into the bloodstream.  Can be circulated throughout your body. 25

Health Effects

 Some is excreted while some remains in organs and body tissues.

 If exposure continues, the amount stored in your body will increase if you are absorbing more lead than your body is excreting.

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Chronic Health Effects

During prolonged chronic exposure, many body systems can be affected by lead, including:  Brain  Kidneys  Muscles  Bones  Blood forming organs  Reproductive systems 27

Chronic Health Effects

(Resulting from High Lead Exposure and Absorption Into Body)  Severe damage to blood forming, nervous, urinary and reproductive systems  Loss of appetite, metallic taste in the mouth, anxiety, constipation, nausea, pallor, excessive tiredness, weakness, insomnia, headache, nervous irritability, muscle and joint pain or soreness, fine tremors, numbness, dizziness, hyperactivity and colic (with severe abdominal pain, lead line  Person is easily irritated and may become aggressive 28

Chronic Health Effects

 Reproductive systems of both men and women may be affected – Decreased sex drive, impotence and sterility in men – Miscarriage and stillbirth in women whose husbands were exposed to lead or where they were exposed 29

Chronic Health Effects

 Children born of parents who were exposed to excessive lead are more likely to have birth defects, mental retardation, behavioral disorders or die during the first year of childhood 30

Other Chronic Health Effects

Hypertension

 Lead exposure has been consistently associated with increases in blood pressure in studies conducted in both workers and the general population.

 Blood lead levels of less than 20 μg/dL sometimes are associated with increases in blood pressure.

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Other Chronic Health Effects

Decreased kidney function

 Low to moderate levels of lead exposure also have been associated with adverse changes in kidney function.  This association may be even worse in people who have other risk factors for kidney disease, such as hypertension or diabetes.

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Acute Health Effects

 Acute health effects only appear when worker is exposed to extremely high amounts of lead  Acute encephalopathy (disorder or disease of the brain) may develop quickly followed by seizures, coma and death from cardio-respiratory arrest  Again, highly unusual, but not impossible 33

"The Dangles" was an occupational hazard for printers THIS IS FROM VERY HIGH LEAD EXPOSURE!!!

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CONFIRM PRESENCE/ NON-PRESENCE OF LEAD CONTAINING MATERIALS

Lead Identification

 Department personnel should contact the Department of Environmental Safety (DES) prior to the disturbance of painted surfaces unless it is known with certainty, either through documentation or testing, that the surface does not contain lead 36

Lead Identification

 DES will use direct reading instrument (XRF) to determine if lead is present in any of the surfaces to be modified or demolished.

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How is lead exposure measured?

 PEL: You are allowed to be exposed up to the P ermissible E xposure L imit established by OSHA of 50 ug/m 3 (micrograms per cubic meter of air) based on an 8-hour time weighted average.

 Action Level: OSHA established an Action Level of 30 μg/m 3 based on an 8 hour time weighted average.

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The All-Important Action Level

 If lead is present in any quantity in your workplace, OSHA has directed that an “initial determination” must be made by taking air samples while workers are performing their job that may result in airborne lead exposure  The AL for lead is 30 µg/m 3 .

 If the results are below the AL, no further monitoring is necessary for that job, and the workers are not considered to be significantly lead exposed.

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Air Sample Results

(As performed by DES for Various Occupations)

Activity

Housekeeping Carpentry Painting Plastering Maintenance

Average(ug/m3 Range(ug/m3) Comments 0.11

3.9

0.2

0.18

0.8

ND-.34

ND-36 ND-0.5

ND-0.6

ND-3.7

Full shift samples Doors, windows Windows, exterior columns, radiators Removal & Replacement of of drywall & plaster Air filter replacement 40

Conclusions

 Based on the results, typical maintenance tasks would not result in exposures above the AL.

 Some activities, such as power sanding on painted surfaces, resulted in short-term exposures. However, these short-term exposures were still below the PEL.

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Awareness of Lead Standard

 OSHA Regulations state: Where there is a potential exposure to airborne lead at any level, the employee must be informed of the contents of OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1025, Appendix A & B.  Because you may be exposed to lead, even in small quantities, the next three slides describe the contents of Appendix A & B 42

Appendix A

 Substance Identification  Health Hazard Data 43

Appendix B

 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)  Exposure Monitoring  Methods of Compliance  Respiratory Protection  Personal protective Equipment  Housekeeping  Hygiene Facilities 44

Appendix B

 Medical Surveillance  Medical Removal  Training and Information  Signs  Record keeping 45

HEALTH EXAM REQUIREMENTS

(APPLICABLE TO LEAD WORKERS ONLY)

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Lead Medical Surveillance

 OSHA standards require biological monitoring and medical surveillance for all employees exposed to levels of lead above the action level of 30 µg/m 3 for more than 30 days per year  The blood lead level of all employees who are exposed to lead above the action level is to be determined at least every six months.

 The frequency is increased to every two months for employees whose last blood lead level was above 40 µg/100 g 47

Health Protection/Medical Surveillance

 Obtain a Blood Lead Level (BLL)  Maintain blood lead levels to below 40 micrograms per 100 grams of whole blood (40 µg/100g).

 Recommend a level below 30 µg/100g for workers who intend to have children  Blood lead measurements show the amount of lead circulating, but not the amount stored in tissue.

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Lead Medical Examination

 A medical examination is given to lead workers: – Annually – Immediately, if an employee has developed signs or symptoms commonly associated with lead poisoning – Whenever an employee desires medical advice regarding lead exposure and the ability to procreate a healthy child – Immediately if the employee has demonstrated difficulty in breathing during a respirator fitting test or during respirator use 49

Lead Poisoning Prevention

(For the Non-Lead Worker)  Minimizing exposure to lead is the key to minimizing health effects 50

Housekeeping/Work Practices

When working with products that contain lead, such as lead-based paints and lead blocks:  Use exhaust ventilation to capture dust/fumes whenever possible;  HEPA vacuum dust-covered work surfaces; dry sweeping or compressed air is prohibited ; wet methods may be used;    Do not eat, drink, smoke or apply cosmetics in areas where lead/lead dust is present; Wash hands and face after lead work; Wear protective clothing to avoid getting dust on your clothes and then bringing it home to spouse and children.

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Lead Dust Control

 Recommend that HEPA vacuum be used to pick up lead paint of other lead dust.

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Lead Dust Control

  You must use caution if you perform any of the following activities where lead containing coatings or paint are present It would be a good idea to coordinate these activities with DES to assure lead exposure is controlled – manual demolition of structures – manual scraping – manual sanding – heat gun applications – power tool cleaning – rivet busting – welding – cutting – torch burning – abrasive blasting – cleanup activities where dry expendable abrasives are used – abrasive blasting enclosure movement and removal 53

Prohibited Lead Removal Methods

 The contractor performing abatement of lead-based paint may not use the following methods to remove the paint: – Open flame burning – Dry sanding (unless used with a HEPA vacuum) – Open abrasive blasting – Uncontained hydro-blasting – Methylene chloride for interior use (exception, methylene chloride may be used in interior work areas for localized touch-up) – Dry scraping – Heat gun operating at or above 1,100°F 54

Approved Lead Control Methods

 Wet scraping  Chemical stripping  Heat Gun 55

Approved Lead Control Methods

 Replacement – Any component part of a building may be abated by replacement with a part free of lead-containing substances For instance, the lead-painted component (such as a doorframe or a window frame) is removed entirely and in one piece.

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Could I find lead outside of



campus?

If your home was built before 1978, it may contain lead based paint.

 Hobbies: stained glass, home remodeling or painting, recreational target shooting, melting lead for fishing weights, lead glaze in ceramics.  Non-occupational exposures: backyard scrap metal recycling, leaded crystal tableware, cookware, folk remedies, pica, mine tailings, beauty products (eye make up, certain hair dyes).

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Questions?

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