Transcript Document

Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Steve Carroll
Cenex
September 2009
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Introduction
• What is it?
• How do we make it?
• How do we store and dispense it into vehicles?
• Vehicle technology
• Biomethane vehicle emissions
• Vehicle availability
• Camden biomethane trial
• Vehicles in the UK
• Cenex biomethane toolkit and calculator capabilities
• EU and UK legislation and incentives
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Definition & terminology
• Biogas -
is used to describe the gas made in anaerobic
digesters or land fill sites typically 65% methane and 35%
carbon dioxide, with contaminants in the form of water,
hydrogen sulphide and siloxanes
CH4
CO2
• Biomethane – is upgraded biogas. the upgrade process
removes the contaminants and the majority of the carbon
dioxide removed. Biomethane is typically 97% methane, 2%
carbon dioxide and 1% oxygen
CH4
• Natural gas – is used to describe a gaseous fossil fuel
consisting primarily of methane but including significant
quantities of ethane, propane, butane, and pentane
• Petroleum gas (LPG) -
is used to describe a gas
produced when refining petroleum, typically supplied as a
variable mix of propane and butane.
C3H8
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Anaerobic digestion process
• Conversion of organic matter
to methane and CO2
-Sewage
-Manure
-Slurry
-Food waste
-Slaughter house waste
-Organic fraction on municipal solid
waste (OFMSW)
-Green waste
-Energy crops
Pre-processing
Delivery
Photos courtesy of Monsal
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Biogas upgrading
• Biogas from AD contains ~60% methane and 40% CO2 plus
N, O2, CO, Moisture and contaminants of H2S & Siloxanes
• Biomethane typically > 96% methane
Also,
• Pressure swing adsorption
• Cryogenic separation
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Biomethane storage and dispensing
• Station types
• Compressed gas (CNG,
CBM)
Fast fill: Refilling station has a large compressor
and storage tanks to hold pre-compressed
gas at rising pressures (storage cascades)
Slow fill: Overnight fill station compressing gas
directly into vehicle tanks
• Liquefied gas (LNG, LBM)
Refilling station holds liquefied gas in a
cryogenic container, Liquid is passed to a
similar container on the vehicle
• Liquefied and Compressed
gas (LCNG or LCBM)
Liquefied gas is stored as above, the station
can also deliver compressed gas by
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Vehicle technologies
•
Dedicated engine
SI engine optimised for running on gas.
Low noise, low air quality emissions,
limited to SI combustion efficiency.
•
Bi-fuel engine
SI engine modified to operated on gas
but maintains the ability to run on
petrol as a back-up fuelling system
•
Dual fuel
CI engine, vehicle modified to operate
on a mixture of gas and diesel. Up to
~ 80% gas substitution achievable.
Maintains CI efficiency and ability to
operate on diesel fuel. Available as
retrofit. Limited CO2 and noise benefit.
Heavy duty
applications
Light duty
applications
Heavy duty
applications
Current use of technologies by vehicle type
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Biomethane energy density
Relative energy density of road fuels
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Carbon emissions
•
TTW (Tank-to-wheel) considers tail pipe emissions from vehicles
•
WTW (Well-to-wheel) considers emissions associated with fuel extraction,
processing, delivery and dispensing
Emission data from CONCAWE, Gasrec analysis from CENEX Camden biomethane study
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Air quality and noise emissions
70dB(A) Vacuum cleaner
50dB(A) Gentle rainfall
60dB(A) Dishwasher
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
EU Vehicle availability
• Light duty
• Medium duty
• Heavy duty
• Buses
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Worldwide vehicle availability
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
UK Vehicle availability and cost
Vehicle
Example
Technology Price
premium
Cars
None
-
-
Vans
Iveco Daily
Mercedes Sprinter
Bi fuel
Dedicated
£5000
HGVs
Mercedes Econic 18-26t
Iveco Eurotech 18-26t
Dedicated
£21000 £23000
HGVs
Hardstaff (OIGI) Volvo/DAF/MB/CAT/DE
Clean Air Power (Genesis)
Dual fuel
£20000 £25000
Buses
2009 Optare solo
Dual fuel
£13000 £18000
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Summary
• Low carbon fuel
• Air quality benefits
• Vehicle noise reduction
• Reduces waste to landfill
• Reduces cost?
• dependent on application (annual
mileage and mpg)
• cost of biomethane vs diesel
• asset life
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Performance and reliability
• Performance
Trial mileage
Fuel
consumption
CNG Daily
CBG Daily
86 km / day
53 km / day
(9642 km total)
(5590 km total)
26.3 kg
/ 100km
24.7 kg
/ 100km
• Reliability
•Sustainability
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Sustainability
• Performance
• Reliability
Carbon dioxide emissions
Emissions
kgCO2/MJ
CBG
CNG
0.031
0.062
Emissions
Kg CO2 / kg
fuel used
WTW
kg CO2 / 100
km
1.40
34.5
2.80
76.0
•Sustainability
Air quality emissions
G25 CNG
HD g/kwhr
Euro VI
%
reduction
CO
1.15
4
62%
NMHC
0.019
0.16
88%
CH4
0.193
0.5
61%
NOx
0.28
0.4
30%
HC
0.199
PM
0.0047
0.01
53%
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Conclusions
• Performance
• Reliability
•Sustainability
• BM CO2 saving 56% WTW over CNG
• Engine wear and contaminants within normal levels except 2% WC
• Reduction in PM and NOx of 30% and 53% against Euro VI legislation
• New Iveco Daily displayed 6% improvement in fuel consumption
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Vehicles UK
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Toolkit
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Calculator
Allows initial bespoke analysis of
AD facility capacity and feedstock
required to fuel a transport fleet on
biomethane, outputs environmental
and cost benefit information
Detailed business case.
Omits capital and
maintenance cost for
plant operation and any
income generated from
landfill tax avoidance
•
Calculate methane yields from a given type and quantity of feedstock
from anaerobic digestion plants
•
Calculate the heat, power and revenues available from CHP systems
•
Calculate biomethane available for use as a vehicle fuel accounting for
parasitic energy demands of the anaerobic digester and upgrading and
compression facilities
•
Calculate biomethane required to power transportation fleets (dedicated
or dual fuel technologies)
•
Compare environmental and cost implications of running a fleet on
biomethane compared with fossil diesel or petrol
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Biomethane calculator sample output
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Policy drivers and market instruments
• European legislation
• EU Biofuels Directive - 5.75% by energy content for 2010
• The Renewable Energy Directive – 10% bio-fuel content by 2020
• European Emissions Trading Scheme – include surface transport post 2012
• EU Landfill Directive – sets landfill reduction target across member states
• Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation 2008 (RTFO)
• UK Legislation
incentives
3.25 % and
Biofuels April
2010 (Sustainability criteria apply) ~ 9 p/kg
•Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme (LATS)
Cap and trade system, buy out price £150/tonne
• Fuel Duty – 19.2 p/kg biomethane vs 54.2p/litre (45.2p/kg) for diesel
• Bus Service Operators Grant (BSOG) – 6p/km
•• Other
fiscal incentives
The competition
• Biogas can be used to generate electricity – 2 x ROCs = ~10p/kWhe
• Renewable Heat Incentive due 2011 (consultation) = ~ £2.25 per therm ~ £7.7p/kWh
Biomethane as a road transport fuel
Information available from Cenex
• Camden biomethane trial report
• www.cenex.co.uk Projects - Biomethane Vehicle Trial
• Feasibility study for the installation of a regional AD
facility producing biomethane as a road transport
fuel
• www.cenex.co.uk Consultancy – Regional Anaerobic Digestion Facility
• Cenex biomethane toolkit and calculator
• www.cenex.co.uk Enquiry form
• Request your free copy
Thank you for your attention
www.cenex.co.uk