Transcript Introduction of Clean Fuel to Vehicle Emission Reductions

Introduction of Clean Fuel to
Vehicle Emission Reductions
Integrated Vehicle Emission Reduction
Strategy Workshop
Jakarta, 16-18 October 2001
Kiyoyuki Minato
Japan Automobile Research Institute
1
Energy
Current of
Environmental ・
Energy problem
Global Warming
CO２
Air pollution
CO, HC, NOx
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
2010
100000
B
Japan B
B
B
B
BB
B
B
BB
B
2015 2020 2025
B
B
B
BB
10000
B
India
JJ
J
H
H
Indonesia
H
H JJ
Z
H
ZZ FFF H
H
H
Z
Z
Z
B Japan
MalaysiaZZZ àà FF HJJJ China
F H
Z
HHJJ
àFàFàFF HH
Z
Z
H
Z
à
Z
1000
F
F
F
F
H
H JJJ
J
China
ààà
H
àG
ZZZZ G
FFFFàà HH
H
H
H
G
Z
F
Z
àFF
àFG
àG
G
àF
àG
G
ZZZ G
àG
G
G
G
G
àG
àG
à
à
G
Philippines
H India
à
F
ZZ àààG
à
J
Thailand
F Indonesia
JJ
100
JJ
G Philippines
JJJJ
JJJ
à
Thailand
10
Z Malaysia
10
100
1000 2
GDP(billion 90 US$ PPPs)
10000
Air Pollution in Big Cities
Japan(Tokyo)
TSP
B
SO2
A
CO
A
NO2
B
O3
B
Pb
A
China(Beijing)
E
D
D
D
C
B
Korea(Seoul)
B
B
A
C
B
A
Taiwan ( Taipei )
D
B
B
B
B
B
Thailand(Bangkok)
E
B
B
B
B
C
Malaysia（KL）
B
B
C
C
C
C
Indonesia(Jakarta)
D
C
C
B
C
C
The Philippines(Manila)
D
B
D
D
D
C
An atmospheric inside density of each material : compared with the WHO stand
A
: Very low pollution, WHO guidelines exceeded by less than a factor o
B
: Low pollution, WHO guideline are normally met.
C
: Moderate to heavy pollution, WHO guidelines exceed by up to a factor
D
: Moderate to heavy pollution, WHO guidelines exceed by up to a factor
E
: Serious problem, WHO guidelines exceeded by more than a factor of thr
3
Source: WHO
Comparison of
Passenger car Emissions Standards
( Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) limits )
Useful Life (km)
Tier 2 : 193,080km
Euro4 : 100,000km
J
0.4
0.2
0.1
B
Gasoline
H
0.3
Japan
0.6
Tier 1
NLEV
EuroH 3 H
B B B
J
H
B
New- short
J
J
0.8
J
0.4
B
J
H
Euro 4
B B B
TierJ 2 H
JH H
J
B
H
J
B
H
J
New-long
0
Year
B
H
J
0.2
New-Long : 80,000km
EU
H
US
H
Diesel fuel
Tier 1
B
B
J
J
Euro 3
B
B
B
New- short
J J J
B
NLEV
H H H
J
0
H
H
Euro 4
B
B
B
New-long
J J J
Tier 2
J
Year
B
B
J
H
H
H
H
4
H
Comparison of
Heavy-Duty Diesel NOx & PM Standards
( NOx, PM limits g/k-Wh)
Japan
J
6
4
H
H
H
B
J
B
J
B
J
B
EU
H
US
0.3
B
NOx
B
J
H
H
J
J
H
H
2
J
J
Year
B
J
Euro
4
B
B
J
J
0.1
B
H
H
Euro
3
B
B
New-Short
J
J
J
H
H
B
B
H
H
J
H
New-Long
H
0
PM
J
0.2
Euro 3
New-Short
B
B
B
J
J
H
J
H
H
H
B
B
New-Long
J
H
Euro 4
B
B
J
H
B
B
0
Year
J
H
5
Implementation Rates for Conventional Vehicles
100
In California
C-V
TLEV
80
LEV
60
ULEV
ZEV
40
20
0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
TLEV
LEV
ULEV
ZEV
Emission reduction from the
basic California standards
HC
CO
NOx
50%
=
=
70%
=
50%
85%
50%
50%
100%
100%
100%
Year
The percentage requirements for ZEVs are mandatory starting in 2003
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Goal is “Zero” Emissions
US California
NOx
HC
1994
CBG
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2004
LEV I
2010
LEV II
7
Maximum sulphur content limits (ppm)
Sulphur Free Fuels for Diesel Fuel
500
J J
B
H
J
400
B
300
J
Japan
B
EU
H
USA
Final target : sulphur free
200
100
J
0
Year
J B
J B
J B
J B
J B
J
B
H H H H H
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World-Wide Fuels Harmonisation
Regions of Asia, Europe and North America are now
planning and implementing requirements for more stringent
vehicle emissions control and reduced fuel consumption
Category 1
Markets with no or minimal requirements for emission
control; based primarily on fundamental vehicle/engine
performance concerns.
Category 2
Markets with stringent requirements for emission control or
other market demands.
For example, markets US Tier 0 or Tier 1, EURO 1 and 2 or
equivalent emission standards.
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World-Wide Fuels Harmonisation
Category 3
Markets with advanced requirements for emission control or other
market demands.
For example, markets requiring US California LEV,ULEV and
EURO 3 and 4, or equivalent emission standards.
Category 4
Markets with further advanced requirements for emission control, to
enable sophisticated NOx and PM after-treatment technologies.
For example, markets requiring US California LEV-II, US Tier 2,
EURO 4 in conjunction with increased fuel efficiency constraints or
equivalent emission standards.
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Emission Standards in Asia
Emission Standards in Asia
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
EURO 1
EURO 2
EURO 3 introduction(plan)
STEP 2
STEP 3(plan)
STEP 4
EURO 1
EURO 2
EURO 3 introduction (plan)
Malaysia
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3 introduction (plan)
introduction of catalytic converter system
EURO 1
India
EURO1 （introduction plan）
Indonesia
STEP 1
STEP 2
US '94
Korea
EURO 2, STEP 2
Singapore
EURO 1,STEP 1
US '94
Taiwan
ECE standard
Philippines
tentative level
Vietnam
EURO 1
China
EURO 2
Emission Standards in Europe
Car
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
LDV
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
EURO 3
EURO 4
HDV
EURO 2
Thailand
EURO 1　introduction 1992
STEP 1
introduction 1992
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Number of Vehicles and
Environment Policy in Japan
80
1978Introduction 3-way Catalytic for passenger cars
70
Sulpfur contents
60
Truck/Bus
1976 0.5%
50
1992 0.2%
40
1997 0.05%
30
2005 0.005%
1980 Phased out Lead Gasoline
1978 Emissions Standards
(the most rigorous in the world)
1973 Emission Standards start
20
1970 HC Control
1966 CO Control
10
0
Passenger cars
1951 Motor Vehicle I&M
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
Year
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
12
0.03
12
Sulfur in Diesel Fuel
0.5% --> 0.2%
0.025
SO2
NMHC *10
0.02
10
Sulfur in Diesel Fuel
0.2% --> 0.05%
8
0.015
6
0.01
4
CO
0.005
0
1970
2
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
0
2000
Annual Average CO, NMHC Conc.
ppm, ppmC
Annual Average SO2 Conc. ppm
Trends in SO2 CO NMHC
Concentration in Japan
F.Y.
Average at Roadside Air Pollution Monitoring Stations
Government 13
data
Proposition in Asia Countries
1. Improved Vehicle Inspection
2.
Improved Cleaner Fuels
phase out leaded gasoline
reduction of sulfur contents
3. Improved Vehicle Emissions
Standards
4. Promotion for Clean Fuel
Vehicles
CNG,EV, etc
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