Transcript Water Systems Unit Review - Nova Scotia Department of

Water Systems Unit Review
Science 8
Question #1
Place the following steps of wave formation in order of
their occurrence:
A: Wind passes energy to the particles in the water.
B: Waves are formed.
C: The water particles begin to move faster and in a
circular motion.
D: Wind blows across the surface of the water.
E: As the water particles collide with each other, they
continue to pass on energy to each other, causing
these particles to move in a circular motion as well.
Answer #1
Steps of wave formation in order of their occurrence:
D: Wind blows across the surface of the water.
A: Wind passes energy to the particles in the water.
C: The water particles begin to move faster and in a circular
motion.
E: As the water particles collide with each other, they
continue to pass on energy to each other, causing these
particles to move in a circular motion as well.
B: Waves are formed.
Question #2
Name the four main parts of a wave
Answer #2
The four main parts of a wave are:
1. Crest
2. Trough
3. Wavelength
4. Waveheight
Question #3
What is the distance from crest to trough
on a wave called?
Answer #3
The distance from crest to trough on a wave is called
the wave height.
Question #4
What is the lowest part of a wave called?
Answer #4
The lowest part of a wave is called the trough.
Question #5
What is the distance between two crests or two
troughs on a wave called?
Answer #5
The distance between two crests or two troughs on a
wave is called the wave length.
Question #6
What is the highest part of a wave called?
Answer #6
The highest part of a wave is called the crest.
Question #7
What is the term used to describe movement of
materials along shorelines from one location to
another by wave action?
Answer #7
The term used to describe the movement of
materials along shorelines from one location to
another by wave action is called deposition.
Question #8
What is the term used to describe the wearing
away of land or shorelines due to wind or wave
action?
Answer #8
The term used to describe the wearing away of land
or shoreline from wind or wave action is called
erosion.
Question #9
The formation of sea caves and sea stacks (such as
those found at Hopewell Rocks in New Brunswick)
are examples of the process of ________________.
Answer #9
The formation of sea caves and sea stacks (such as those
found at Hopewell Rocks in New Brunswick) are examples
of the process of erosion.
Question #10
Sand dunes along shorelines and algae found
washed up on beaches are examples of the process
of _________________.
Answer #10
Sand dunes along shorelines and algae found washed up
on beaches are examples of the process of deposition.
Question #11
Name five methods or technologies that are put in
place to protect shorelines from erosion and/or
deposition.
Answer #11
Five methods or technologies that are put in place to
protect shorelines from erosion and/or deposition are:
1. Jetty
2. Groyne
3. Soil Mats
4. Breakwater
5. Rip Rap
6. Pier
7. Cliff Stabilization
8. Beach Replenishment/Nourishment
Question #12
Name the three main causes of ocean currents.
Answer #12
The three main causes of ocean currents are:
1. Wind passing across water
2. Temperature Differences of water
3. Salinity Differences of water
Question #13
Draw a beaker with the following layers of water,
layered out according to their densities.
A. Cold unsalted water
B. Cold salted water
C. Warm unsalted water
D. Room temperature unsalted water
Answer #13
These are the layers of water, layered out according to
their densities.
C. Warm unsalted water (LEAST DENSE)
D. Room temperature unsalted water
A. Cold unsalted water
B. Cold salted water (MOST DENSE)
Question #14
What are the two main causes of tides?
Where do these forces come from?
Answer #14
The two main causes of tides are:
1. Gravitational Force (from the moon and sun)\
2. Centrifugal Force (caused by the rotation of the
Earth around its own axis)
Question #15
Explain how and where the centrifugal force causes
tides on Earth.
Answer #15
The centrifugal force is caused by the rotation of the
Earth around its own axis (center of gravity). This force
causes a high tide on the side of the Earth that is
opposite the Earth’s axis (center of gravity).
Question #16
Explain how and where the gravitational force
causes tides on Earth.
Answer #16
The gravitational force causing tides comes from the
moon and the sun. The location on Earth where the
tides are formed because of these gravitational forces
depends on how the sun, moon, and Earth line up, but
generally, the high tide is formed on the side of the
Earth that us closest to the moon.
Question #17
What are the two categories of submersibles that
we discussed in class?
What are the three different submersibles that we
discussed in class? Give the three abbreviations
used for them and explain what they stand for.
Answer #17: Submersibles
Manned Submersibles (Carry people)
HOV (Human Occupied Vehicle)
HOVs are submersible crafts
that take people under water
and to the depths of the
ocean
Unmanned Submersibles (Do not carry people)
ROV
(RemotelyOperated Vehicle)
Free-floating unmanned
submersibles used for
complex manipulations (i.e.,
get an oil well ready for
drilling on ocean floor,
collecting seafloor
sediments, etc.
AUV
(Autonomous
Underwater Vehicle)
Unmanned submersibles that are
attached to a research vessel by a cable;
best for surveys that can be
programmed ahead of time and without
supervision; measure ocean water
characteristics (temp, salinity), map
seabed, inspect subsea installations ,
and to lay underwater cable.
Question #18
Name five other methods/technologies used to do
ocean research and explain what they are used for.
Answer #18
Other methods/technologies used to do ocean research include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Spray Glider – records ocean characteristics (temp., salinity, etc.)
Gravity Corer – collects seafloor sediments
Sediment Trap – collects drifting marine snow
TowCam Underwater Camera – underwater pictures and video
Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) – maps out seafloor,
measures depth, and locates objects under water
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) – similar to SONAR;
measures current speed and ocean depth
Ocean-Bottom Seismometer - measure movements of Earth’s crust
Marine Magnetometer – detect variations in the magnetic fields of
the underlying seafloor
Underwater Laboratory – study marine environment under water
Scuba Diving Gear – allow people to breathe and dive under water
Question #19
Explain how one ocean research method or
technology has improved over time. Be specific
about its improvements.
Answer #19: Scuba Diving Gear
#1
Name
Old
Scuba
Gear
New
Scuba
Gear
Use
To explore
the ocean
and allow
humans to
stay
underwater
for longer
periods of
time
New technology improvements over old one
Heavy, uncomfortable scuba helmets and dive suits;
relied either on breath-hold, air pumped from the
surface, or a breathing tube (i.e., snorkel); limited the
amount of time they could stay under water; difficult
to move around;); could only stay under water for a
few minutes, only a few meters deep
Light-weight suits and scuba gear; more flexible
masks; lighter and smaller oxygen tanks; longer diving
time; Carry own source of breathing gas (compressed
gas); scuba suits are made of softer and water-tight
material; can stay under water much longer (1-2
hours) and dive deeper (45 – 60 meters); able to
monitor depth, speed, and oxygen amount with new
diving accessories, which makes it much safer to dive
Answer #19: Sampling Nets
#3
Name
Use
To collect
Sampling Net
samples of
Old
sea floor
sediments
and marine
snow
Mocness Highsamples;
New Tech Sampling Towed behind
Net
a research
ship
New Improvements over Old
Regular net that was dropped into the
ocean to collect samples of sediments
and marine snow.
Automatic/controllable; Multiple
opening and closing net system; Can
be more controlled; can target specific
materials by using an ‘environmental
sensing system’.
Answer #19: Seafloor Sediment Corers
#3
Name
Use
New Improvements over old
Old
Gravity
Corer
To collect
sediments and
study the ocean
seabed
To collect
sediments and
study the ocean
seabed
The gravity corer disturbs sediment
samples and can only dig down about 5
meters.
New
Piston
Corer
The Piston Corer provides longer, less
disturbed, and more complete samples.
It can dig deeper than the gravity corer.
Cores up to 30 meters are possible in
soft sediments and muds.
Question #20
Name four Canadian ocean research organizations
that contribute/have contributed to the field of
ocean research, and give one specific example of
the kind of research that they do/have done that is
related to the ocean or its species.
Answer #20
Name
Location
Several
Fisheries and locations,
Oceans Canada
incl.
Vancouver
Island, BC
Name
Environment
Canada
Location
About/Purpose
One of Canada’s largest marine institutes; more than 250
scientists/researchers; try to restore and manage coastal
ecosystems, they produce more than 20% of Canada’s
nautical charts; effects of global warming on marine
ecosystems, contaminants in Arctic ice, nature of oil spills,
predictions on where/when a tsunami will strike.
About/Purpose
Established to find ways of protecting the environment,
Several conserving the country's natural heritage, and providing
locations weather and meteorological information. It is currently
across
leading an expedition of 10 Canadian scientists onto the
Canada frozen Arctic Ocean to learn more about how pollutants
move from the air, to the ice, and ultimately into the
northern ecosystem.
Answer #20
Name
Location
NRC (National
Several
Research
locations
Council)
across
Institute for
Canada
Ocean
Technology
About/Purpose
Canada's national center for ocean technology research &
development. It was established in 1985 to support the
development of innovative technologies in the private
sector and to assist oceans-related public initiatives.
Research is conducted on technologies for use in ocean
observation, marine safety, and Arctic operations and
performance evaluation.
Name
About/Purpose
The largest ocean research station in Canada; established
in 1962 as Canada's first federal centre for oceanographic
research. BIO houses several organizations from various
federal departments which perform targeted research,
advise on marine environments, provide navigational
charts, and respond to ocean environmental emergencies;
they have monitored Bedford Basin plankton populations,
ice drift, arctic ice salinity, and much more.
Bedford
Institute of
Oceanography
Location
Halifax,
Nova
Scotia,
Canada
Answer #20
Name
Location
Neptune
Canada (branch Vancouver
of Ocean
Island, BC
Networks
Canada)
About/Purpose
Name
About/Purpose
Location
One of the first regional-scale underwater ocean observatory
network that plugs directly into the Internet; gathers live
data from a rich constellation of instruments deployed in a
broad spectrum of undersea environments; People
everywhere can ‘surf the seafloor,’ while ocean scientists run
deep-water experiments from labs and universities anywhere
around the world; they study topics such as plate tectonics,
seabed fluids, and climate change in marine ecosystems.
Collaborative marine research that brings together industry,
Halifax Marine Halifax, NS government, and Universities; officially launched on June
2nd, 2011; aims to coordinate international oceanography
Institute
projects, increase the scale, quality, internationalization and
impact of marine research, enhance the competitiveness of
oceans industries, and provide the best possible tools and
scientific information to assist oceanographers.