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Residential Building Energy Standards (RBES) and Commercial Building Energy Standards (CBES) Updates Better Buildings by Design Conference - February 10, 2011 Navigant Consulting, Inc. (Consultants to Vermont DPS) Efficiency Vermont is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request. This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. Learning Objectives At the end of this program, participants will be able to: Gain a better understanding of the current VT residential and commercial energy codes Understand challenges and issues related to implementation and enforcement of the energy code Understand the overall process involved in current and future Vermont energy code updates Course Evaluations In order to maintain high-quality learning experiences, please access the evaluation for this course by logging into CES Discovery and clicking on the Course Evaluation link on the left side of the page. Agenda • Background and legislative history —Stu Slote • Residential Building Energy Standards (RBES) —Lee Wood •Q&A • Commercial Building Energy Standards (CBES) —Tim Guiterman •Q&A 4 RBES Update Process Code Update Process • Last Update: 2003 VT RBES • ARRA Requirements: 2009 IECC • May 27, 2009 - legislature adopted Act 45 • Stakeholder meetings held to gather feedback • Advisory Committee meetings • DPS filed rule with ICAR (Interagency Committee on Administrative Rules) • DPS held public hearing • LCAR to conduct hearing and vote on rule • Rule to be adopted 15 days after filed • RBES handbook update 5 CBES Update Process • Last Update: 2005 VT CBES • ARRA Requirements: 2009 IECC or ASHRAE 90.1-2007 • Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) —Meetings in June and July of 2010 —Highlighted areas for improvement —Included changes from current 2012 IECC / ASHRAE 90.1-2010 update processes 6 CBES Update Process Overall direction for CBES Update • Meet minimum 2009 IECC / ASHRAE 90.1-2007 • Add VT-specific amendments and improvements • Consider substantial changes to create 2012 IECC / ASHRAE 90.1-2010 • New VT CBES codebook (VT-specific version of IECC) • Continue to maintain reference to ASHRAE 90.1 standard and allow that as approved compliance path • Public hearing on proposed rule held Jan 27 • Public comment period ended February 4 • LCAR to conduct hearing and vote on rule • Rule to be adopted 15 days after filed 7 CBES Update Process Where are Commercial Codes Headed? Source: NEEP Building Energy Codes Policy 3/1/2009 8 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ENERGY STANDARDS (RBES) 9 Table of Contents 1 Section 1: RBES Administration 2 Section 2: Major Changes to RBES 10 Section 1 » RBES Administration Administration and Enforcement 2003 2011 Self certification X X Certificate of compliance X X Filing process to remain unchanged 11 Section 1 » RBES Administration Applicability 2003 2011 New single family homes X X New multifamily homes X X Change in occupancy or use X X Change in space conditioning X Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs X 12 Section 1 » RBES Administration Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs Conform as with new construction Unaltered portions do not need to comply Additions can comply alone or in combination with existing building Exceptions Storm windows over existing fenestration Glass only replacements Exposed cavities already filled with insulation 13 Section 1 » RBES Administration Exemptions 2003 2011 Very low energy use buildings X X Unconditioned buildings X X Existing Buildings X X Historic Buildings X X Owner Built Homes X X Hunting Camps X X 14 Section 1 » RBES Administration Start RBES Compliance Paths Mandatory Requirements Prescriptive Approach R-Values Table 402.1.1 Either Total UA Alternative 402.1.4 U-Factor Alternative Table 402.1.3 Performance Approach REScheck HERS Rating Table of Contents 1 Section 1: RBES Administration 2 Section 2: Major Changes to RBES 16 Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Mandatory Requirements Piping insulation Vapor Retarder Mechanical ventilation Combustion safety Air Sealing and verification Lighting Fenestration U-factors Programmable thermostat Duct sealing and testing Equipment sizing Snow melt system controls Pools, hot tubs and spas 17 2003 2011 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Building Envelope Component Ceiling R-Value Exemptions 2003 2011 38 49 Source: US DOE 18 1. R-38 if uncompressed 2. 500 ft2 for vaulted ceilings Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Building Envelope R-Value Component Wood Frame Wall 2003 2011 13 20 or 13 + 5 Source: DOE 19 Notes R-20 cavity or R-13 cavity + R-5 sheathing Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Building Envelope R-Value Component Basement or Crawlspace Wall 2003 2011 13 15 / 20 Notes R-15 continuous or R-20 cavity Source: Building Science Corp 20 Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Building Envelope Component Slab Edge R-Value 2003 2011 10, 4ft 15, 4ft Notes Heated slabs must have R-15 beneath entire slab Source: Building Energy Codes Program 21 Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Fenestration Component Fenestration Window U-Factor Skylight U-Factor 2003 2011 2003 2011 0.40 0.32 NR 0.55 Notes 1. Area-weighted averages 2. 15 ft2 of glazing exempt 3. One opaque door exempt 22 Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Air Leakage Component Air Leakage RBES 2003 No testing requirements Source: RBES Handbook 23 RBES 2011 1.Test: < 5 ACH@50 2.Visual Inspection Checklist Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Spillage Testing Component Spillage Testing RBES 2003 No testing requirements RBES 2011 Must establish draft without spillage within two minutes Source: Saturn Resource Management 24 Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Temperature Controls Component Programmable Thermostat RBES 2003 RBES 2011 No requirement MANDATORY Lighting Component Lighting RBES 2003 RBES 2011 50% of lamps in No requirement permanent fixtures highefficacy 25 Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Ducts COMPONENT RBES 2003 RBES 2011 Must be verified by:* 1. Post-construction test: No verification Duct Sealing requirement Leakage to outdoors < 6 cfm per 100 ft2 of conditioned floor area (CFA) 2. Rough-in test: Total leakage < 3 cfm per 100 ft2 of conditioned floor area (CFA) Duct Insulation Same R-value as surrounding surfaces* R-8 * Unless located within conditioned space 26 Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Mechanical Ventilation COMPONENT 2003 2011 Balanced systems X X Exhaust-only systems X X Supply-only systems X 27 Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Domestic Hot Water COMPONENT Piping Insulation RBES 2003 RBES 2011 Varied R-3 Source: Saturn Resource Management 28 Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Other Requirements COMPONENT RBES 2003 RBES 2011 Snow Melt Systems No requirements Mandatory automatic controls Pool Heaters Mandatory on / off switch Mandatory on / off switch Pool cover required Pool cover required R-12 minimum for hot tubs and spas Pool Covers (heated pools) 29 Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Log Homes Component 2003 2011 Basement Wall U-Factor 0.10 0.05 Floor U-Factor 0.033 0.026 Ceiling U-Factor 0.026 0.020 Fenestration U-Factor 0.40 0.30 Log walls must comply with ICC400 with average minimum wall thickness of 5” or greater, and have heating system AFUE of 90% (gas) or 85% (oil). Boilers must have outdoor temperature reset or thermal purge control. 30 Questions? 31 COMMERCIAL BUILDING ENERGY STANDARDS (CBES) 32 CBES Presentation » Overview • Key Items • Details on code update —Administration —Definitions —General Requirements —Envelope —Mechanical Systems —Service Water Heating —Electrical Power and Lighting 33 CBES Presentation » Key Items • 2012 IECC and ASHRAE 90.1-2010 recently finalized in Fall 2010 • Significant changes to 2012 IECC initiated by joint proposals —Department of Energy (DOE) —New Buildings Institute (NBI) —American Institute of Architects (AIA) • Presentation Format 34 CHAPTER 1 ADMINISTRATION 35 Introduction to Compliance Process Must the Project Comply with the IECC? Comply with the Envelope Requirements Section 502 90.1 Section 5 Comply with the Mechanical/SWH Requirements Sections 503 and 504 90.1 Section 6 Document Compliance with the IECC Plan Review Inspection 36 Comply with the Power & Lighting Requirements Section 505 90.1 Section 9 Chapter 1 » Administration 101.2 Scope —Code does not apply to farm structures or process applications (equipment / systems) 101.5 Compliance Exempt Buildings 1. Low energy buildings (<3.4 Btu/h*ft2 for space conditioning) 2. Unconditioned buildings 3. Inflatable buildings Context: Re-organizes exemptions from 2005 CBES. Inflatable & Unconditioned buildings added. 37 Chapter 1 » Administration 101.4.3 : Alterations, Additions, Renovations and Repairs —If energy use is not increased, following need not comply Re-roofing where neither sheathing nor insulation is exposed Alterations that replace < 50% of luminaires Alterations that replace only bulb and ballast Context: New in 2009 IECC 38 Chapter 1 » Administration 103: Construction Documents 1. Added: Additional information required on construction documents a. Design ambient temperatures; interior temps. for heating / cooling modes; relative humidity setpoints; ventilation rates 2. Added: Additional info. required on mechanical equipment schedules a. Equipment efficiencies; Fan and pump nameplate motor / brake horsepower; Hydronic system (if applicable) supply / return water design temps. for boilers and all terminal devices (e.g. baseboards, unit ventilators, etc); Steam system (if applicable) design pressure for boilers and all terminal devices Context: Rarely included, but useful information for code review, commissioning, future energy audits, etc. 39 CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS 40 Chapter 2 » Definitions Added • BUILDING ENTRANCE • BUILDING SITE • CONTINUOUS AIR BARRIER. • CONTINUOUS INSULATION (C.I.) • CURTAIN WALL • FENESTRATION PRODUCT, SITEBUILT • F-FACTOR • HIGH-EFFICACY LAMPS • LINER SYSTEM (Ls) • METAL FRAMING • DAYLIGHT ZONE • METAL FRAMING, ENTRANCE DOOR • DEMAND CONTROL VENTILATION (DCV) • METAL FRAMING, FIXED • ENTRANCE DOOR • NONMETAL FRAMING • NAMEPLATE HORSEPOWER • FENESTRATION PRODUCT, FIELD• STOREFRONT FABRICATED Context: Definitions complement new/revised sections of code. Many are new in 2009 IECC and some from 2012 IECC. 41 CHAPTER 3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 42 Chapter 3 » General Requirements 301: Design Conditions — 2005 CBES: broad allowance for adjustments — 2011 CBES: adjustments for 1. Winter heating design temperatures for projects located at either: a. Elevation of 1,500 feet or higher b. Caledonia, Essex or Orleans counties 2. As approved by code official or other authority having jurisdiction Context: Improve language from 2005 VT CBES which allowed adjustments for “local design conditions” 43 SECTION 502 BUILDING ENVELOPE 44 Building Envelope 502.2.1: Roof Assembly —Added: Requirement to insulate skylight and mechanical curbs to at least R-5 Context: Skylight curbs included in proposal for 2012 IECC. Mechanical curb recommended by TAP. 45 Building Envelope Table 502.2 (1) Envelope Tables 1. Envelope R-Values/U-Factors only for Vermont Climate Zone (CZ) 6 2. Added additional metal building description and U-factor reference tables 3. Maximum Vertical fenestration area is 40% of abovegrade wall area, same as 2009 IECC. 2005 CBES was 50% maximum Insulation Parallel to Purlin Thermal Blocks 46 Insulation Draped Over Purlin Picture from NAIMA Building Envelope - Opaque Assemblies Roofs 2005 CBES 2009 IECC / 90.1-2007 2011 CBES R - 24 ci R - 20 ci R - 30 ci U - 0.040 U - 0.048 U - 0.032 R - 19 + R - 10 or R - 30 R - 13 + R - 19 R - 11 + R - 13ci Metal Buildings U - 0.051 U - 0.049 U - 0.045 N/A N/A Steel Joist R - 30 + R - 5ci (with R - 5 thermal blocks) U - 0.027 Attic and other R - 38 U - 0.27 R - 38 U - 0.27 R - 38 U - 0.027 Roof: Insulation entirely above deck 47 Building Envelope - Opaque Assemblies WallsAbove Grade Mass Metal building Metalframed Woodframed and other 2005 CBES 2009 IECC / 90.1-2007 2011 CBES R - 9.5 ci R - 13.3 ci R - 13.3 ci U - 0.104 U - 0.080 U - 0.080 R - 19 or R - 6 + R - 13 R - 13 + R - 5.6 ci R - 11 + R - 6.5 ci U - 0.070 U - 0.069 U - 0.054 R - 13 + R - 7.5 ci R - 13 + R - 7.5 ci R - 13 + R - 7.5 ci U - 0.064 U - 0.064 U - 0.064 R - 19 or R - 12 ci or R - 13 + R - 7.5 ci R - 13 + R - 3.8 ci U - 0.064 U48 - 0.051 R - 13 + R - 7.5 ci or R - 20 + R - 3.8 ci or R - 23 U - 0.051 Building Envelope - Opaque Assemblies Walls-Below Grade 2005 CBES 2009 IECC / 90.1-2007 2011 CBES R - 10 ci R - 7.5 ci R - 10 ci Below Grade Wall C - 0.092 C - 0.119 C - 0.092 Note: VT was already ahead of 2009 IECC. Recommendation to maintain current 2005 VT CBES values. 49 Building Envelope - Opaque Assemblies Floors Mass Joist / FramingMetal* 2005 CBES 2009 IECC / 90.1-2007 2011 CBES R - 10ci R - 12.5 ci R - 12.5 ci U - 0.074 U - 0.064 U - 0.064 R - 30 U - 0.038 R - 30 R - 30 R - 30 U - 0.033 R - 30 Joist / U - 0.033 Framing-Wood U - 0.033 U - 0.033 and Other* *Note: Final version will consolidate 2 categories into one, 50 per 2009 IECC Building Envelope - Opaque Assemblies Slab-on-Grade Floors* Unheated Heated 2005 CBES 2009 IECC/ 90.1-2007 2011 CBES R - 10 for 48 inches R - 10 for 24 inches below R - 10 for 48 inches F - 0.64 F - 0.55 F - 0.48** R - 10 for entire slab (under slab and perimeter) R - 15 for 24 inches below R - 10 for entire slab (under slab and perimeter) F - 0.55 F - 0.86 F - 0.55 * Insulation shall be placed on the exterior of the foundation ** Change to F-Value from 2005 CBES to reflect vertical installation (Or downward to bottom of slab and then horizontally for total distance shown in table) 51 Building Envelope - Opaque Assemblies Opaque Doors Note: Swinging Roll-Up or sliding UpwardActing or Sectional 2005 CBES 2009 IECC/ 90.1-2007 2011 CBES U - 0.50 U - 0.70 U - 0.37 R - 10 U - 0.50 U - 0.50 N/A N/A R - 10 Note: • 2009 IECC / ASHRAE 90.1 only provides U-Factors • Upward-Acting or Sectional is new and unique to VT code 52 Building Envelope - Fenestration Category Vertical Fenestration (Maximum %) Framing Materials other than Metal with or without Metal Reinforcement or Cladding Metal framing with or without Thermal Break Curtain Wall/Storefront Entrance Door All Other SHGC-All Frame Types PF < 0.25 0.25 < PF < 0.5 PF >= 0.5 Skylights (Maximum %) Skylights, Glass Skylights, Plastic 2005 CBES 2009 IECC 2011 CBES 50% 40% 40% U-0.35 U-0.35 U-0.35 U-0.45 U-0.80 U-0.50 U-0.45 U-0.80 U-0.55 U-0.42 U-0.80 U-0.50 U-0.40 U-0.55 NR U-0.40 NR NR U-0.40 U-0.55 NR 5% U-0.60 SHGC-0.40 3% U-0.60 SHGC-0.40 3% U-0.50 SHGC-0.40 U-0.60 SHGC-0.62 53 Plastic Not Specified Plastic Not Specified Building Envelope 502.4. Air Leakage — 2005 CBES and 2009 IECC: broad language — 2011 CBES: Mandatory continuous air barrier Air barrier compliance options – Option 1: Materials – Option 2: Assemblies – Option 3: Building Test (0.31 cfm/ft2 of shell area @ 50 Pa) Air Barrier penetrations-explicit language on air sealing Fenestration air leakage table Context • Substantial part of joint DOE/NBI/AIA proposal to 2012 IECC • Originally adapted from MA building code, so “field-tested” and regionally appropriate 54 Building Envelope 502.4.7 Vestibules 1. Revised to reflect changes in proposed 2012 IECC a. Utilizes new definition of “Building Entrance” 2. VT - specific: a. If vestibule is tempered, max temperature setting of 55° F; Cooling prohibited b. If tempered, shall be constructed according to envelope provisions c. If tempered, thermostat shall be programmable and inaccessible to public Context 1. Improved language from model IECC codes 2. TAP recommended changes due to extensive issues with energy use due to heating and cooling of vestibules 55 SECTION 503 BUILDING MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 56 Building Mechanical Systems Overview of changes due to 2009 IECC • Revises equipment efficiency tables for water-chilling packages; minimum equipment efficiencies changed • Requires snow melt control • Requires demand control ventilation (DCV) for certain spaces • Removes exception for energy recovery ventilation for lab fume hood systems ≤ 15,000 cfm • Lowers the system capacity for economizer requirement for most climate zones • Introduces fan power limitations • Introduces supply air temperature reset controls for multiplezone systems 57 Building Mechanical Systems 1. 503.1.2 Electric Resistance Space Heating — Prohibition on electric resistance space heating a. Carried over from 2005 VT CBES 2. 503.2.5 Ventilation a. References ASHRAE 62.1-2007 rather than IMC b. Added language emphasizing ventilation rates to be based on expected occupancy levels versus default IMC / ASHRAE 62.1 rates Context 1. Important prohibition on electric resistance heating that has worked for VT 2. Prevents designers from using worst-case ventilation rates when better information is available 58 Building Mechanical Systems 503.2.5.2: Demand Controlled Ventilation • 2005 CBES had no DCV requirement • 2011 CBES (2009 IECC): DCV must be provided for each zone with spaces > 500 ft² and average occupant load > 40 people / 1000 ft² of floor area where HVAC system has: An air-side economizer, or Automatic modulating control of outdoor air damper, or Design outdoor airflow > 3,000 cfm Demand control ventilation (DCV): ventilation system capability that provides for automatic reduction of outdoor air intake below design rates when actual occupancy of spaces served by system is less than design occupancy 59 Building Mechanical Systems 503.2.7: Duct and Plenum Insulation and Sealing • 2005 CBES (Also 2009 IECC): Minimum R-5 (unconditioned space) and R-8 (outside building) • 2011 CBES : “All supply and return ducts located in unconditioned spaces shall be insulated to meet same Rvalue requirement that applies to immediately proximal surfaces.” Context: Altered to align with RBES • Public comments raised to address this language — Clarify — Feasibility 60 Building Mechanical Systems 503.2.10: Systems Performance Verification and Completion 1. Buildings ≥ 50,000 SF 2. Requirements for independent, third-party commissioning agents to perform basic functional testing to verify efficient “as-designed” operation of systems specified in other parts of code, limited to: a. Economizers b. VAV fan control c. Part-load hydronic controls FAIL 3. Prescriptive testing requirements 61 Building Mechanical Systems 503.2.10 Systems Performance Verification and Completion (Continued) Context 1. 2012 IECC dedicates separate chapter to commissioning (Cx) requirements 2. Cx for buildings > 50K ft2 as starting point for code requirements 3. Current proposal provides testing ground for future Cx requirements in VT, utilizing only large buildings 4. Feedback from use of 2012 IECC and VT requirements will be helpful for next update of VT code 5. Performance verification should ensure systems comply with code intent and operating at maximum energy efficiency 6. Performance verification improves building performance, hopefully reduces contractor call-backs, issues 62 Building Mechanical Systems Revised 503.3.1 Economizers and 503.4.1 Economizers (Complex HVAC Systems) 1. Economizers required on all systems ≥ 54,000 Btu / h (2005 CBES ≥ 65,000 Btu/h) 2. Defined allowable economizer sequences to align w/ASHRAE 90.1-2007 3. Clarified section 503.4.1 using improved language from 2012 IECC proposals a. Design Capacity b. Maximum Pressure Drop c. Integrated Economizer Control Context 1. Matches 2009 IECC capacity threshold 2. Need to clarify 2005 VT CBES and Economizer sections in 2009 IECC vague 3. National IECC code also using these changes to align w/ ASHRAE 90.1 63 Building Mechanical Systems 503.4.2 VAV Fan Control / 503.4.3 Hydronic Systems Controls / 503.4.3.6 1. Added: 503.4.2.1 Static Pressure Sensor Location language 2. Revised: 503.4.3.4 Hydronic variable flow systems language 3. Added: 503.4.3.6 Chilled and Hot Water Temperature Controls Context 1. Language not in 2009 IECC but existed in ASHRAE 90.1-2007 2. Language taken from 90.1-2007 3. Language taken from 90.1-2007 64 SECTION 504 SERVICE WATER HEATING 65 Service Water Heating 504.1.1 Electrical Water Heating Limitation Added: Electric service water heating units shall be limited to a maximum of 5 kW total power input Context: Carried over from 2005 VT CBESES Yes, that is David Hasselhoff 66 SECTION 505 ELECTRICAL POWER AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS 67 Electrical Power and Lighting Major changes to electrical power / lighting due to 2009 IECC • Adds high-efficacy lighting requirement for dwelling units • Requires separate controls for daylight zones • Allows for use of photocell in tandem with other controls on certain exterior lighting applications • Adds exempted lighting applications that can be excluded from total connected interior lighting power calculations • Revises additional lighting power allowance calculations for retail areas • Creates four exterior lighting zones based on lighting need 68 Electrical Power and Lighting Interior Lighting Power Allowances 1. Building Area Method and Space by space Method included 2. LPD values taken from proposed 2012 IECC values Context 1. 2005 VT CBES contained both methods but 2009 IECC still only used Building Area Method a. 2012 IECC will have both methods 2. 2005 VT CBES values identical to 2009 IECC a. 2012 IECC values include revised categories, higher efficiency for certain categories, and scaled back values for others b. 2011 VT CBES will be aligned with 2012 IECC and ASHRAE 90.1-2010 69 Electrical Power and Lighting • Interior Lighting Power Allowances — Changes to Building Area Method Spaces 2005 CBES 2009 IECC 2011 CBES Office 1.0 1.0 0.9 Retail Fire Station Warehouse 1.5 1.0 0.8 1.5 1.0 0.8 1.4 0.8 0.6 — All others unchanged from 2005 CBES — Some changes in space-by-space types: Revised categories, higher efficiency for certain categories, and scaled back values for others 70 Electrical Power and Lighting Motors and Transformers 1. Added NEMA efficiency tables for motors 2. Added NEMA efficiency tables for transformers Context 1. VT CBES included these. Maintained in 2011 VT CBES. Motor tables are included in ASHRAE 90.1-2007. 2. VT CBES included these. Maintained in 2011 VT CBES. 71 Questions? 72