Transcript PowerPoint 簡報

Arms Control and
Disarmament
Prof. Philip Yang
National Taiwan University
2015/7/7
1
Controlling the Instruments of War



Disarmament and arms control are
often linked but are not synonymous.
Disarmament means a reduction in
the means to engage in war.
Arms control involves mutual
restraint and enhancing stability
through the regulation of both the
qualitative and quantitative
dimensions of arms competition.
2015/7/7
2
The history of disarmament

2015/7/7
1817, under the terms of the
Rush-Bagot treaty, Great Britain
and the Unite States agreed to
the demilitarization of the Great
Lakes, an important step in the
attitude of friendly confidence
that has pervaded most U.S.Canadian-British relations for
150 years.
3




1959 Antarctic treaty: banned deployment
of nuclear weapons in Antarctica, 18 states
parties, including US and SU
1963 Limited test ban treaty: no tests in
space, under water, or in atmosphere
1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco (Mexico): nukes
banned from Latin America, except
peaceful nuclear research, first attempt to
establish NWFZ (nuclear weapon-free zone)
1967 Outer Space Treaty: nukes banned
from Outer Space
2015/7/7
4
Nuclear Weapon

2015/7/7
The first fission weapons
("atomic bombs") were
developed in the United
States during World War II
in what was called the
Manhattan Project, two were
dropped on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki, Japan.
5
Fat Man
2015/7/7
6
Nuclear Fireball, U.S.
2015/7/7
7
Nuclear Arms Race

2015/7/7
The nuclear arms race was
a competition for
supremacy in nuclear
weapons between the
United States and Soviet
Union and their respective
allies during the Cold War.
8
Nuclear Deterrence
2015/7/7

Balance of Terror

MAD: Mutually Assured
Destruction

First Strike and Second Strike

Cuba Missile Crisis

Reagan and Star Wars
9
U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear
weapons stockpiles, 1945-2006
B-52 (U.S.) and Agni II (India)
2015/7/7
11
States with Nuclear Weapon
Country
Warheads
Active/Total
Year of first test
United States
Russia
United Kingdom
5,735/9,960
5,830/16,000
200
1945
1949
1952
350
130
70-120
30-52
1960
1964
1974
1998
1-10
2006
75-200
NA
France
PRC
India
Pakistan
North Korea
Israel
2015/7/7
12
NPT


The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation
of Nuclear Weapons, also Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is an
international treaty, opened for
signature on July 1, 1968.
There are 190 states party to the
treaty. Only five states are not –
India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea
(withdrew), Taiwan.
2015/7/7
13
Three Pillars of NPT

1. Non Proliferation

2. Disarmament

3. Peaceful Use of Nuclear
Energy
2015/7/7
14
First pillar: non-proliferation

2015/7/7
Five NWS agree not to transfer
"nuclear weapons or other
nuclear explosive devices" and
"not in any way to assist,
encourage, or induce" a nonnuclear weapon state (NNWS)
to acquire nuclear weapons
(Article I).
15

2015/7/7
NNWS parties to the NPT
agree not to "receive,"
"manufacture" or "acquire"
nuclear weapons or to "seek
or receive any assistance in
the manufacture of nuclear
weapons" (Article II).
16

2015/7/7
NNWS parties also agree to
accept safeguards by the
International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) to verify that
they are not diverting nuclear
energy from peaceful uses to
nuclear weapons or other
nuclear explosive devices
(Article III).
17
Second Pillar: Disarmament

Article VI asks all State Parties "to
pursue negotiations in good faith on
effective measures relating to
cessation of the nuclear arms race at
an early date and to nuclear
disarmament, and on a treaty on
general and complete disarmament
under strict and effective
international control."
2015/7/7
18
Third Pillar: Peaceful Use of
Nuclear Energy

The treaty recognizes the
inalienable right of sovereign states
to use nuclear energy for peaceful
purposes, but restricts this right for
NPT parties to be exercised "in
conformity with Articles I and II"
2015/7/7
19
IAEA and Safeguards


2015/7/7
To further the goal of nonproliferation and as a confidencebuilding measure between States
parties, the Treaty establishes a
safeguards system under the
responsibility of the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
Safeguards are used to verify
compliance with the Treaty through
inspections conducted by the IAEA.
20
1996 CTBT

1996 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
Treaty

No any nuclear weapon test explosion
or any other nuclear explosion

Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty
Organization, CTBTO (International
Monitoring System, on-site inspection)

Will not enter into force until 44 states
ratify.
2015/7/7
21
Nuclear-Free Zone (NFZ)

1959 The Antarctic Treaty

1967 Outer Space Treaty

1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco

1985 South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone
Treaty
2015/7/7

1991 Treaty of Pelindaba (Africa)

1997 Treaty of Bangkok (ASEAN)
22
1972 Biological Weapons Convention

The BWC bans 1) the development,
stockpiling, acquisition, retention, and
production of a) biological agents and
toxins, b) Weapons, equipment, and
delivery vehicles

Every 5 years: review conference

Still 10 states have programs: Iran,
Russia
2015/7/7
23
1993 Chemical Weapons Convention

CWC bans chemical weapons and
requires their destruction within a
specified period of time.

The CWC is implemented by the
Organization for the Prohibition of
Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which is
headquartered in The Hague with almost
500 employees.
2015/7/7
24
US-Soviet Strategic Weapons

1969 SALT: Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks





2015/7/7
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, ABM
1979 SALTⅡ
1991 START I, Strategic Arms
Reduction Treaty
1993 START Ⅱ
2002 Strategic Offensive Reductions
Treaty, SORT
25
1991 United Nations Register of
Conventional Arms

2015/7/7
General Assembly adopted resolution
"Transparency in armaments", which
requested the Secretary-General to
establish a Register of Conventional
Arms, to include data on international
arms transfers as well as information
provided by Member States on military
holdings, procurement and relevant
policies.
26
1997 Antipersonnel Landmines Treaty

States-parties commit to not using,
developing, producing, acquiring,
retaining, stockpiling, or transferring antipersonnel landmines

It entered into force on March 1, 1999. By
2002, 129 states had become party to the
accord.

United States, Russia and China, have not
signed the treaty
2015/7/7
27
2001 Program of Action to Prevent, Combat
and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small
Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects
 There
2015/7/7
are over 600 million small arms and
light weapons (SALW) in circulation
worldwide. Of 49 major conflicts in the
1990s, 47 were waged with small arms as
the weapons of choice. Small arms are
responsible for over half a million deaths
per year, including 300,000 in armed
conflict and 200,000 more from homicides
and suicides.
28
Discussion Question

When the British Labour party
advocated unilateral nuclear
disarmament in its 1983 election
manifesto, the manifesto was referred
to as "the longest suicide note in
history". Why did the idea of
unilateral nuclear disarmament
become an electoral liability? Do you
support the idea of a nuclear free
world, and if so do you see any other
ways to achieve it?
2015/7/7
29