Transcript USA Perspective - Leonardo ENERGY

Science, Research and Development
USA Perspective
Edwin Brush
BBF
7/7/2015 - 1
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
European Commission
Science, Research and Development
7/7/2015 - 2
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
European Commission
Science, Research and Development
7/7/2015 - 3
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
European Commission
Science, Research and Development
7/7/2015 - 4
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
European Commission
Science, Research and Development
European Commission
Transformer Energy Efficiency
300MVA – Variations Available
Loss
Evaluation
Rate $/KW
1
2
3
4
Core
$0
$2.1*
$4.3*
$5.0
Conductor
0
1.4*
3.2*
4.0
Kamps/in2
3.0
2.0
0.95
0.8
Copper
(lbs 000)
49.3
73.9
111.8
132.7
*Losses (2) 60KW core, 833 KW conductor; (3) 98KW core, 360 KW conductor
7/7/2015 - 5
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Transformer Energy Efficiency
12MVA (Liquid Filled)
Loss
Evaluation
Rate $/KW
Core
1
2
3
4
$0
$1.0*
$4.0*
max
Conductor
0
0.4
2.3
max
Kamps/in2
1.8
1.3
0.9
0.7
Copper (lbs
000)
7.0
9.7
14.1
18.1
*Losses: (2) >80KW; (3) 35KW
7/7/2015 - 6
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Transformer Energy Efficiency
50KVA (Liquid Filled)
7/7/2015 - 7
Loss
Evaluation Rate
($/watt)
1
4
6
Core
$0
$2.5
$3.5
Conductor
0
1.3
1.5
Core Actual
Loss (watt)
171
136
117
Cond. Actual
Loss (watt)
769
314
312
Copper (lbs)
AL
70
99
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Transformer Energy Efficiency
Energy Efficiency of Two Units
1,500KVA DRY
7/7/2015 - 8
65%
Load Factor
85%
Temp. Rise
150
80
150
80
Core
4.3
5.5
4.3
5.5
Cond.
9.1
4.1
15.5
7.1
Cost
Premium
--
$5,900
--
$5,900
Payback
($0.7/KWh)
--
2.5y
--
1.3y
Copper(lbs
000)
1.5
2.4
1.5
2.4
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Science, Research and Development
Transformer Energy Efficiency
1,500 KVA Transformers
(dry) Actual Losses --Kilowatts
Standard
Low-Loss
Difference
Conductor
21.3
13.6
7.7
Core
3.0
2.5
0.5
Total
24.3
16.1
8.2
1.6%*
1.1%*
0.5%*
*Losses as percent of transformer capacity
7/7/2015 - 9
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Science, Research and Development
European Commission
Dry-Type Transformers-Copper
Usage
4
Copper
Usage, kg/kVA
3
2
3.1
Energy Efficient
Standard
2.1
1.6
1
1.0
1.4
0.9
1500
2500
0
75
kVA
7/7/2015 - 10
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Science, Research and Development
European Commission
Why Promote Transformer
Efficiency?
• U.S. Transformer losses are currently equivalent to 9
days/per year of total generation.
• These U.S. losses represent 37 million tons of CO2;
110 million KG NO; and 275 million KG SO2
(CO2 equivalent of 8.5 million average cars)
Source: EPA Presentation
7/7/2015 - 11
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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from:Barnes, Van Dyke, McConnell and Das (1996), Determination Analysis of Energy Conservation Standards for Distribution
Transformers
7/7/2015 - 12
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Transformer Energy Efficiency
“Energy losses can be reduced 10 to 40
percent using a variety of available
technologies”
EPA Energy Star Program
7/7/2015 - 13
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Transformer Energy Efficiency
Potential U.S. Electricity Savings --
Megawatts
7/7/2015 - 14
Dry
Distribution
Power
1,100
3,300
2,700
Total
7,100
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Science, Research and Development
Transformer Energy Efficiency
• NEMA
TP-1
TP-2
TP-3
7/7/2015 - 15
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
European Commission
Science, Research and Development
European Commission
Future Activities to Promote
Cost-Effective, Energy-Efficient
Transformers
•
•
•
•
7/7/2015 - 16
Educate end-users
Assist NGO’s and others
Assist regulators
Develop manufacturer allies for market
development efforts
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT