Transcript Australia as a Global Citizen

Australia as a Global
Citizen
Daryl Le Cornu
Mount Annan High School
[email protected]
Some Teaching Ideas
• Students to do research using texts and
online resources
• Individual task or group work?
• Students give presentations to class using
ICT?
• Prepare students to write to a scaffold
knowing key facts in each area
• Debate Australia’s role as global citizen
Is Australia ‘punching above its
weight’ as a global citizen?
Punching above our own weight?
What does this mean?
This term was used a few
years ago to describe
Australia’s role in the world as
a ‘middle power’.
What is a middle power?
a term used in the field of international
relations to describe states that are not
superpowers or great powers, but still
have large or moderate influence and
international recognition.
Australia’s Ranking
• Australia leaps in economic rankings.doc
• Austs_ranking.doc
Australia’s Self-Image
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A mature democracy
Rule of law
Multicultural success story
Economically competitive
Militarily – allied to a hyper-power - USA
Politically – we seem to have some clout
Going well now but can we stand on our
own in the future?
Punching above our own weight?
Australia impressed other nations
with its swift response to the crisis
in East Timor in 1999
and
in military intervention and
peacekeeping in many locations in
the following years.
Punching above our own weight?
This can be considered:
EITHER
• A good thing because we are making a
significant positive contribution in the world
OR
• A matter of concern because we are overstretching ourselves as a nation, and cannot
sustain such an effort given our population
and the size and growing power of our Asian
neighbours
Punching above our own weight?
To consider this question we need to
examine in what ways that Australia
has participated as a global citizen in
the past.
Then…
We can consider whether Australia is
involving itself in an appropriate way for
a middle power today.
Alliances
Individuals
Regional
Organisations
Treaties
Australia as
a Global
Citizen
Humanitarian
Relief
United Nations
Peacekeeping
Military Action
1. Alliances
ANZUS
• Members – Australia, New Zealand the United
States
• Signed 1951
• 1st reason – originally as a US guarantee that
Japan would not threaten Australia and NZ
again
• 2nd reason – in recognition of swift Aust’n
support in the Korean War (1950)
• Purpose – mutual defence
SEATO
• South-East Asia Treaty Organisation
• Signed 1954
• Purpose: to fight communism in south-east
Asia - to be Asian counterpart to NATO
(1949)
• Members – USA, Britain, France,
Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan.
2. Treaties
60th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights in 2008
2. Treaties
Australia is a signatory to numerous multilateral treaties.
Here are some prominent examples:
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UN Charter 1945
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
Genocide Convention 1948
Geneva Conventions 1949
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968
Convention Against Torture 1984
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 1996
Rome Statute (1998) – led to formation of International
Criminal Court (ICC) in 2002
• Kyoto Protocol 1997 (though not until late 2007)
Australia has also signed many bilateral
(between just two nations) treaties. eg
• Aust-USA Free Trade Agreement 2005
3. United Nations
UN Headquarters – New York
2005 – UN 60th Anniversary
Former UN Secretary General Kofi
Annan
Ban Ki-moon
UN Secretary-General
Security Council – in the UN Building New York
Various UN committees
Australia and the United Nations
• Australia had also been an enthusiastic supporter of the
League of Nations from 1919
• 1945 - Australia a founding member of UN
• Jessie Street and Dr Evatt helped draft the UN Charter
• Dr HV Evatt (ALP Foreign Minister) was President of the
General Assembly 1948-1949
• Australia has been an enthusiastic supporter for most of
the post-war period
• Australians have been involved in the work of many of
the UN’s agencies and has actively contributed to
numerous peacekeeping missions
4. Peacekeeping
East Timor
• From 1999 – then
with UN
• Again in 2006
• Again in 2008
Solomons - RAMSI
Arc of Instability
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East Timor
New Guinea
Vanuatu
Solomon’s
Fiji
4. Peacekeeping
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Most, but not all, are operations undertaken as
part of the UN
Cyprus 1964
• Somalia 1993
Sinai 1973
• Rwanda 1994
Kashmir 1976
• Cambodia 1991-1993
Namibia 1979
• East Timor 1999
Zimbabwe 1979
• Solomons 2003
Gulf 1991
• East Timor 2006
Peacekeeping - websites
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http://www.australiaun.org/unWeb/content/policy/peacekeeping.asp
http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/peacekeeping.htm
http://www.awm.gov.au/peacekeeping/
http://www.anzacday.org.au/history/peacekeeping/peace01.html
http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/index.asp
http://www.awm.gov.au/peacekeeping/timeline/timeline.htm
http://www.dfat.gov.au/un/aus_un13.html
http://www.awm.gov.au/peacekeeping/timeline/map.htm
http://www.defence.gov.au/index.cfm
http://www.unaa.org.au/praxis.php/category/view/8
http://www.unaa-wa.org.au/links.php
5. Military Action
Military Action
Australia played its part in maintaining peace and security in various
parts of the world by involvement in military actions:
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Korea 1950-53
Malaya 1955
Indonesia 1965
Vietnam 1965-71
Gulf War 1991
Afghanistan 2001 & 2006
Iraq 2003
6. Humanitarian Relief
Humanitarian Relief
Some examples of the areas in which the Australian government and
non-government agencies provide relief:
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Boxing Day Tsunami 2004
Earthquakes – Indonesia 2006, Turkey
Landmines
Famine
HIV/Aids
Humanitarian Relief
For examples see:
• http://www.ausaid.gov.au/human/emergen
cies.cfm
• http://www.ausaid.gov.au/closeup/default.c
fm
Colombo Plan
• http://en.wikipedia.org
/wiki/Colombo_plan
• http://www.pandanus
books.com.au/item.ph
p?searchterm=PB41B
• Started 1951
• Social development
and economic aid to
South-east Asian
countries
Care Australia
• http://www.careaustra
lia.org.au/
7. Regional Organisations
ASEAN
Members
Brunei
Cambodia
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
The ASEAN Regional Forum
ASEAN Regional Forum: ██ ASEAN countries ██ Other ASEAN Regional Forum participants
ASEAN Regional Forum
• ASEAN regularly conducts dialogue meetings with other countries
and an organization, collectively known as the ASEAN dialogue
partners during the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF).
• The ASEAN Regional Forum is an informal multilateral dialogue of
25 members that seeks to address security issues in the AsiaPacific region. The ARF met for the first time in 1994.
• The current participants in the ARF are as follows: ASEAN,
Australia, Canada, People's Republic of China, European Union,
India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand,
Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, East Timor, and the United
States. Bangladesh was added to ARF as the 26th member, starting
from July 28, 2006.
APEC
• The Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation
(APEC) is a group of
Pacific Rim countries
who meet with the
purpose of improving
economic and political
ties. It has standing
committees on a wide
range of issues, from
communications to
fisheries.
• The heads of government
of all APEC members
meet annually in a
summit called "APEC
Economic Leaders'
Meeting" rotating in
location among APEC's
member economies.
APEC is famous for its
tradition of having
attending leaders dress in
the national costume of
the host nation.
APEC Members
Australia • Brunei Darussalam • Canada • Chile • People's
Republic of China • Hong Kong, China • Indonesia •
Japan • Malaysia • Mexico • New Zealand • Papua New
Guinea • Peru • Philippines • Russia • Singapore •
Republic of Korea • Chinese Taipei • Thailand • United
States • Vietnam
Canberra Commission
• http://www.dfat.gov.a
u/cc/cchome.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org
/wiki/Canberra_Com
mission_on_the_Elimi
nation_of_Nuclear_W
eapons
8. Individual Australians
Stanley Melbourne Bruce
• Ex-Australian PM 1923-29
• Distinguished career in League of
Nations in 1930s
• President of League Council during
Ethiopian Crisis (1936)
• One of the League’s most determined
international statesmen
• Bruce Report (1939) on international
economic cooperation anticipated work
of later Economic and Social Council of
the UN
• 1946-51 chaired World Food Council of
FAO
Stanley Melbourne Bruce
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Bruce
• http://www.nma.gov.au/education/school_reso
urces/resource_websites_and_interactives/pri
meministers/stanley_bruce/
Dr H. V. Evatt
• Foreign Minister 1941-1949
in Curtin and Chifley Labor
governments
• Leading role in creation of
UN in 1945
• President of UN General
Assembly 1948-1949
• Leading role in creation of
the state of Israel in 1948
Dr H. V. Evatt
• http://www.lib.flinders.edu.au/resources/collect
ion/special/evatt/evattbiog.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.V._Evatt
Jessie Street
• Founding member of the League of
Nations Union (Aust) in 1918
• Attended League General
Assemblies in 1930 and 1938
• Only Australian woman delegate at
the conference to create the UN in
1945
• Co-founder of Un Commission on
the Status of Women and Charter
of Women’s rights
Jessie Street
• http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A
160396b.htm
• http://uncommonlives.naa.gov.au/contents
.asp?cID=30
• http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AW
E0013b.htm
John Sanderson
• 1991 – Adviser to the
Secretary General of the
UN to bring peace to
Cambodia
• 1991-1993 Commanded
16000 UN force (UNTAC)
in Cambodia
• Supervised successful
elections in 1993 that
ended civil war going on
since 1970
John Sanderson
• http://www.awm.gov.au/peacekeeping/ca
mbodia/australia.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sanders
on
Gareth Evans
• Foreign Minister in Hawke-Keating
governments
• Led international community’s attempts to
end Vietnamese occupation of and end civil
war in Cambodia
• Initiated Canberra Commission on
Elimination of Nuclear Weapons 1996
• Worked for UN in recent years
• Involved in International Crisis Group
• Promoted the ‘Responsibility to Protect’
doctrine (R2P) at the World Summit in 2005
• Worked with Hans Blix on the Weapons of
Mass Destruction Commission
• Could have been in the running for
Secretary-General
Gareth Evans
• http://www.un-globalsecurity.org/bios/evans.asp
• http://www.answers.com/topic/gareth-evans-politician
• http://www.un.org/News/dh/hlpanel/evans-bio.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)
Richard Butler
• Head of UNSCOM 1997-1998
• Expert on nuclear arms
control
• Wrote book Fatal Choice in
2002
• Critic of George W. Bush
Administration’s unilateralist
foreign policy
• Advocate of strengthening
Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty
Richard Butler
• http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/AuthorBi
ography.aspx?AuthorId=71
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Butler_%
28diplomat%29
• http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/10/03/1
033538680140.html
• http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0813340
977/ref=pd_bxgy_img_a/103-17504099919846?ie=UTF8
Helen Caldicott
• Passionate campaigner against
the hazards of the nuclear age for
35 years
• Written numerous books on
nuclear Issues
• One of the influential women of the
twentieth century – Smithsonian
Institute
• President of Nuclear Policy
Research Institute in Washington
DC
Helen Caldicott
• http://experts.about.com/e/h
/he/Helen_Caldicott.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Helen_Caldicott
• http://sandiego.indymedia.o
rg/en/2006/08/117236.shtml
• http://www.helencaldicott.co
m/
Steve Pratt
• Human rights campaigner
• Humanitarian work for
CARE since 1993 in Iraq,
Somalia, Rwanda, Zaire
and Yugoslavia
• Taken prisoner in
Yugoslavia in 1999
• Wrote book in 2000 –
Duty of Care
• Speaker on international
issues
Steve Pratt
• http://www.celebrityspeakers.com.au/brsp
eaker_bio.asp?Speaker_Index_Text=213
• http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s48925.
htm
Rod Barton
• Expert in WMDs
• Member of the inspection teams
in Iraq, UNSCOM and UNMOVIC
1991-2002
• Adviser to US survey group in
Iraq in 2003
• Embarrased the Australian Govt
by stating that he saw abuse of
prisoners in Iraq and passed this
info on to the Govt.
Rod Barton
• http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2005/02/14/1108
229865866.html
• http://www.apfn.net/messageboard/02-1605/discussion.cgi.57.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNSCOM
• http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2005/s1
302494.htm
• http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/feb2005/mha
b-f18.shtml
Peter Cosgove
• Led INTERFET
peacekeeping mission
into East Timor in 1999
• Success of the mission
made him one of the
most respected and
popular military leaders
Peter Cosgove
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cosgrove
• http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/peacekeeping.htm
• http://www.brisinst.org.au/resources/sanderson_
wayne_soldier.html
• http://www.etan.org/et2000a/february/2029/23aust.htm
James Wolfensohn
• President of World Bank 1995-2006
• Tried to address the needs of the
world’s poorest countries
• 1996 – launched Heavily Indebted
Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC).
• Advocated trust building between the
Bank’s clients, NGOs and private
companies
James Wolfensohn
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wolfensohn
• http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/bwiwto/wolfsohn.htm
• http://www.npr.org/programs/npc/2003/031029jwolfe
nsohn.html
• http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXT
ABOUTUS/EXTARCHIVES/0,,contentMDK:2047519
9~pagePK:36726~piPK:36092~theSitePK:29506,00.
html
Rowan Gillies
• Médecins Sans Frontières
(MSF) – Afghanistan, Sierra
Leone before
• MSF medical coordinator in
south Sudan, then Liberia.
• President of MSF Australia in
January 2002
• elected international president
of MSF later in 2002
Rowan Gillies
• http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?pag
e=archive&daysum=2005-04-13#
• http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2005/01/20/1
106110882796.html?from=top5
• http://careerfocus.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/f
ull/329/7462/68
Frank Lowy
• One of Australia’s richest
businessman
• Lowy Institute for International
Policy - independent, nonpartisan think tank
• to conduct original, policyrelevant research about
international political
Frank Lowy
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lowy
• http://www.lowyinstitute.org/
So…
Is Australia ‘punching above its
weight’ as a global citizen?
Punching above our own weight?
• How has Australia performed as a
global citizen in the past?
• What is Australia doing now?
• What should Australia do in the
future?
Consider the following
Know some facts on each of these
areas
Alliances
Individuals
Regional
Organisations
Treaties
Australia as
a Global
Citizen
Humanitarian
Relief
United Nations
Peacekeeping
Military Action
The End